Sulforaphane-Enriched Broccoli Sprouts Pretreated by Pulsed Electric Fields Reduces Neuroinflammation and Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Mouse Brain through Its Antioxidant Ability via Nrf2-HO-1 Activation

Figure 4

Pulsed electric field (PEF) and enzyme activity-treated broccoli sprouts modulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) effector signaling in a 30 min lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. BV2 microglial cells were pretreated with broccoli extracts; LPS (100 ng/mL) stimulation was performed after 30 min. MAPK expression was measured after a 30 min LPS activation. The expression and band intensities of (a, b) JNK and pJNK, (c, d) ERK and pERK, and (e, f) p38 and pp38 in LPS-activated BV2 microglia are shown. (g-i) AP-1 signaling in LPS-activated BV2 microglia. All data are presented as error of the mean of three independent experiments. , , and indicate significant differences compared with treatment with LPS alone, while , , and indicate significant differences compared with an untreated control group. Ctl: control; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; C: cotyledons; C-P: cotyledons exposed with PEF + enzyme activity; H: hypocotyls; H-P: hypocotyls exposed with PEF + enzyme activity.

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