Sulforaphane-Enriched Broccoli Sprouts Pretreated by Pulsed Electric Fields Reduces Neuroinflammation and Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Mouse Brain through Its Antioxidant Ability via Nrf2-HO-1 Activation

Figure 7

Pulsed electric field (PEF) and enzyme activity-treated broccoli sprouts inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated microglia and also reduced the neuronal death caused by activated microglia. BV2 microglial cells were pretreated with broccoli extracts; LPS (100 ng/mL) stimulation was performed after 30 min. Proinflammatory cytokines were measured in the conditioned medium of the treated cells using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays after 24 h of LPS activation. (a) Interleukin- (IL-) 6 production. (b) Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α secretion. (c) Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion. (d) IL-1β secretion. Similarly treated BV2 cells in the conditioned medium were transferred to seeded N2a cells in the 6-well plate. Cell viability and proteins expression in the N2a cells were evaluated after 24 h of CM treatment. (f) N2a cell viability after activated microglial CM treatment. (f-h) Apoptosis-related protein expression in BV2 CM-treated N2a cells and their quantification. All data are presented as error of the mean of three independent experiments. , , and indicate significant differences compared with treatment with LPS alone, while , , and indicate significant differences compared with the untreated control group. NC: normal control; Ctl: control; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; C: cotyledons; C-P: cotyledons exposed with PEF + enzyme activity; H: hypocotyls; H-P: hypocotyls exposed with PEF + enzyme activity.

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