Associations of Oxidative Stress and Postoperative Outcome in Liver Surgery with an Outlook to Future Potential Therapeutic Options

Table 5

Agents investigated regarding their potential therapeutic antioxidant effects.

Study reference	Antioxidant agent(s)	Studied population	Main therapeutic antioxidant effects
[57–61]	Vitamins C and E	Animal and human studies	↓ oxidative stress, steatosis, inflammation, hepatic stellate cell activation, collagen mRNA expression, fibrosis; ↑ hepatic glutathione; Not beneficial in diabetics
[65]	COX inhibitors (nimesulide)	Animal studies	Reduced GSH decreases and MDA and MPO increase with nimesulide, reducing hepatic I/R injury
[66]	Resveratrol	Human studies	↓ ALT and AST, inflammatory markers (hs-CRP, IL-6, and NF-κB), cytokeratin-18 M30 in NAFLD
[68]	Polysaccharides extracted from Ulva pertusa	Animal studies	Antihyperlipidemic effect (↓ TG, TC, LDL cholesterol , HDL cholesterol); ↓ MDA; ↑ SOD, GSH-Px, CAT
[70]	Alpha-lipoic acid	Animal studies	Preserves normal hepatic architecture shortly after acetaminophen-induced liver damage
[71–74]	Coffee	Animal and human studies	↓ ALT, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidative damage; counteracts tumorigenesis; inhibits adipogenesis; improves insulin resistance
[75, 76]	N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine	Animal and human studies	↓ insulin levels, markers of insulin resistance, levels of triglycerides, uric acid, AST, ALT, and several markers of oxidative stress; ↑ GSH in animal studies; Did not reduce postoperative complications or hepatic failure in human studies
[78]	Coenzyme Q10	Human studies	↓ MDA levels; ↑ SOD, GPX, and CAT levels
[81]	Dark chocolate	Human studies	↓ levels of sNOX2-dp, isoprostanes, and CK-18 M30 levels in NASH

CAT: catalase; GSH: glutathione; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; MDA: malondialdehyde; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; sNOX2-dp: soluble NOX isoform 2; SOD: superoxide dismutase.