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Active ingredients | Dosage | Administration | Model | Possible mechanism | Reference |
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In vitro studies |
EGb | 10, 25, and 50 mg/L | Pretreatment for 24 h | EPCs cultured on fibronectin-coatedculture dishes | Activation of telomerase through the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway | [169] |
Ginsenoside Rg1 | 10 μmol/L | Cultured for 6 h | Aging Sca-1+ hematopoietic cells | Regulating the p16-Rb signaling pathway, repairing worn telomeres, and maintaining telomerase activity | [174] |
PNS | 5, 25, and 50 μg/mL | Pretreatment for 4 h | D-Galactose induced aging H9c2 cells | Increase antioxidant capacity and reduce apoptosis | [180] |
Astragalus membranaceus | 100, 200, 400, and 600 μg/mL | Pretreatment for 24 h | Cardiomyocyte model of oxidative stress | Attenuating the oxidative injury and arresting the influx of Ca2+ to block cell death | [182] |
Lycium barbarum | 15, 30, and 60 μg/mL | Pretreatment for 24 h | Primary hippocampal neurons | Activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway | [188] |
Angelica sinensis | — | — | Aging hematopoietic stem cells | Increase in the length of telomere and the activity of telomerase, downregulation of the expression of P53 protein | [194] |
Ligustrazine | 50, 100, and 200 μM | Pretreated for 24 h | Hypoxia-induced injury of HUVECs | Upregulation of miR-135b and subsequent activation of JNK/SAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways | [201] |
Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract | 0.5-5.0 mg/mL | — | Mouse dermal fibroblasts induced oxidative stress | Reduce oxidative stress | [208] |
Resveratrol | 5, 10, and 50 μM | Cultured for 24 h | H2O2 induced aging of HUVECs | Upregulation of autophagy | [212] |
Curcumin | 1, 5, 10, and 20 μM | Treatment for 48 h | Rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells | Promoting TERT gene expression | [221] |
|
In vivo studies |
EGb-761 | 20,40, 80, and 100 mg/kg | i.g. every 3 days, for 12 months | Aged mice (24 months) of middle cerebral artery occlusion | Upregulation of phosphatase PP2A and diminished extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation | [170] |
EGb | 200, 400 mg/kg/day | i.g. 12 weeks | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic ApoE-/- mice | Inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress via restoration of autophagy through the mTOR signaling pathway | [171] |
Ginsenoside Rg1 | 20 mg/kg/day | i.p. 28 days | D-Galactose-induced aging mice | Antioxidation and downregulation of the p19/p53/p21 signaling pathway | [173] |
Panax notoginseng saponins | 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day | i.g. 6 months | Natural aging rats | Attenuating oxidative damage | [179] |
Astragalus membranaceus | 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg | i.g. twice per day for 7 times | Rat model of persistent myocardial ischemia | Reducing oxidative damage and free radical generation | [182] |
Astragalosides | 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg | i.g. 14 days | Rats with learning and memory impairment | Downregulate the mRNA levels of APP and β-secretase, decrease expression of APP and Aβ1–40 in hippocampus | [183] |
Astragalus polysaccharides | 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/d | i.g. 7 weeks | D-Galactose induced aging mice | Scavenging ROS, inhibiting mitochondrial PT, and increasing the activities of antioxidases | [184] |
Lycium barbarum | 0.5 or 2.0 g/kg | i.g. 4 weeks | A mouse model of AD induced by the combination of AlCl3 and D-galactose | Modulation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and the cholinergic system | [186] |
Goji berry | 150, 300 mg/kg | i.g. 6 weeks | Natural aging rats | Antioxidative stress | [187] |
Rhodiola rosea | 60, 120 mg/kg | i.g. 9 weeks | Abdominal aorta of atherosclerosis rats | Hypolipemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities | [190] |
Angelica polysaccharide | 140 mg/kg | i.p. 27 days | Aging nestin-GFP mice induced by D-galactose | Enhancing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, upregulation of p53/p21 signaling pathway | [196] |
Tetramethylpyrazine | 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg | i.p. 7 or 14 days | 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson’s disease mice | Activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway | [200] |
Resveratrol | 30, 100 mg/kg/d | i.g. 2 weeks | Mice with chemotherapy-induced ovarian aging | Attenuating oxidative stress injury by activating Nrf2 | [210] |
Curcumin | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/d | i.g. 6 months | Natural aging rats | Suppressing age-related changes in inflammatory indices | [220] |
Baicalein | 10, 30 mg/kg/day | i.p. 7 days | MPP+-induced Parkinson’s disease mice | Inhibit inflammatory activities and MPP+-induced apoptosis and autophagy | [231] |
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