Traditional Uses, Bioactive Constituents, Biological Functions, and Safety Properties of Oviductus ranae as Functional Foods in China

Table 1

Bioactive constituents present in Oviductus ranae.

Class	Chemical ingredients	References
Mineral elements	K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Sr, Cr, Mo, Se, P, Al, Ba, Ni, Co, V, Ag, Pb, and Cd	[26–29]
Amino acids	Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Pro, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, His, Lys, Arg, and Trp	[30–32]
Proteins	170, 157, 128, and 49 kDa proteins	[33]
	116 kDa protein	[34, 35]
	66 kDa protein	[36]
	53~66 kDa polypeptides or proteins	[37]
	20.2 kDa protein	[38]
Steroids	Cholesterol	[39–42]
	7-Dehydrocholesterol	[41]
	Cholest-4-ene-3-one	[40, 42]
	Cholest-5-ene-3β, 7β-diol	[11, 43]
	3β-Hydroxyl-cholest-5-ene-7-one	[11, 40, 43]
	Cholesteryl palmitate	[44, 45]
	Cholestan-3,6-dione	[42]
	Stigmasterol	[41]
	Estradiol	[46]
	Progesterone	[46]
	Testosterone	[46, 47]
	Androsterone acetate	[46]
	Medrogestone	[46]
Fatty acids	Heptanoic acid	[48]
	7-Nonenoic acid	[48]
	10-Undecenoic acid	[48]
	Lauric acid	[48]
	Ficocerylic acid	[49]
	Myristic acid	[50]
	Pentadecanoic acid	[50]
	Palmitic acid	[50]
	Palmitoleic acid	[50]
	Hexadecadienoic acid	[49]
	14-Methyl-pentadecanoic acid	[48]
	Heptadecanoic acid	[50]
	Stearic acid	[50]
	Oleic acid	[50, 51]
	Linoleic acid	[50, 51]
	α-Linolenic acid	[51]
	11-Octadecenoic acid	[48]
	16-Methyl-heptadecanoic acid	[48]
	Arachidic acid	[50]
	Eicosadienoic acid	[49]
	Eicosatrienoic acid	[49]
	Arachidonic acid	[50]
	cis-5, 8, 11, 14, 17-Eicosapentaenoic acid	[50]
	Behenic acid	[50]
Phospholipids	Sphingomyelin	[52]
	Cephalin	[52]
	Phosphatidylcholine	[52]
Vitamins	Vitamin E	[53, 54]
	Vitamin A	[53]
	Vitamin D	[53]
	Vitamin B1	[53]
	Vitamin B2	[53]
	Vitamin C	[53]
	Vitamin K	[52]
	β-Carotene	[52]
Nucleosides	Inosine	[55]
Hydantoins	1-Methylhydantoin	[24, 56, 57]
Others	Polysaccharides	[58, 59]
	Human chorionic gonadotropin	[53, 54]
	Thyroxin	[53, 54]
	Triiodothyronine	[53]
	Parathyroid hormone	[54]

Abbreviations: K: potassium; Na: sodium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; Fe: ferrum; Mn: manganese; Zn: zinc; Cu: copper; Sr: strontium; Cr: chromium; Mo: molybdenum; Se: selenium; P: phosphorus; Al: aluminum; Ba: barium; Ni: nickel; Co: cobalt; V: vanadium; Ag: silver; Pb: lead; Cd: cadmium; Asp: aspartic acid; Thr: threonine; Ser: serine; Glu: glutamic acid; Pro: proline; Gly: glycine; Ala: alanine; Cys: cysteine; Val: valine; Met: methionine; Ile: isoleucine; Leu: leucine; Tyr: tyrosine; Phe: phenylalanine; His: histidine; Lys: lysine; Arg: arginine; Trp: tryptophan.