Healthy functions Active principle/preparation Model Dosage Results Reference Immunomodulatory activities Oviductus ranae Mice (in vivo ) 0.67 and 1.33 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Enhance lymphocyte proliferation, antibody-producing cells, delayed-type hypersensitivity response, NK cell activity, and phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophages [73 ] Oviductus ranae protein hydrolysate prepared by neutral proteaseSplenic lymphocyte and RAW 264.7 cells (in vitro ) 500 μ g/mL Increase spleen lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 production, macrophage phagocytosis, and NO production [74 ] Oviductus ranae protein hydrolysates prepared by different proteasesRAW 264.7 cells (in vitro ) 500 μ g/mL Improve macrophage phagocytosis and NO production [75 ] Oviductus ranae protein hydrolysate prepared by trypsinSplenic lymphocyte and RAW 264.7 cells (in vitro ) 50-800 μ g/mL Increase spleen lymphocyte proliferation, macrophage phagocytosis, and NO production [76 ] Oviductus ranae protein hydrolysates prepared by different proteasesRAW 264.7 cells (in vitro ) 10-2000 μ g/mL Enhance macrophage phagocytosis and productions of IL-1β , IL-6, TNF-α , NF-κ B, and NO; upregulate the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS [77 ] Peptide from Oviductus ranae Splenic lymphocyte (in vitro )in vivo ) 20-100 mg/mL (in vitro ); 600 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days (in vivo ) Increase spleen lymphocyte proliferation and immune organ index [78 ] Compound Renshen-Hamayou capsule Mice (in vivo ) 1.5 g/kg BW, i.g., for 45 days Enhance delayed-type hypersensitivity response and spleen lymphocyte proliferation [79 ] Hamayou soft capsule Healthy male athletes aged from 18 to 24 years (in vivo ) Three times a day, 4 g each time, P.O., for 28 days Increase CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD4 + /CD8 + ratio [80 ] Antioxidant activities Oviductus ranae Mice exposed to cold stress (in vivo ) 0.5 and 2.5 g/kg BW, i.g., for 28 days Increase SOD; decrease MDA [81 ] Oviductus ranae Young and aging mice (in vivo ) 0.45, 1.35, and 2.25 g/kg BW, i.g., for 15, 30, and 45 days, respectively Upregulate the expression of Cu/Zn-SOD and GPx4 genes [82 ] Serum from Oviductus ranae- treated rats H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress in rat ovarian granulosa cells (in vitro ) 0.09, 0.27, and 0.81 g/kg BW, i.g., for 7 days Decrease apoptosis by reducing ROS production and improving mitochondrial membrane potential through downregulating p53, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 and upregulating Bcl-2; weaken phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK; enhance ERK1/2 phosphorylation [83 ] Water-soluble proteins from Oviductus ranae Hydroxyl, DPPH, and superoxide anion radicals and reducing power (in vitro ) 1-5 mg/mL; 2-10 mg/mL; 8-16 mg/mL Weak radical-scavenging capacities towards hydroxyl, DPPH, and superoxide anion as well as reducing power to ferric iron [84 ] Ethanol-induced oxidative stress in mice (in vivo ) 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Increase T-SOD and GSH; decrease MDA and PCO Four proteins from Oviductus ranae DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and phosphatidylcholine liposome (in vitro ) 0.01-10 mg/mL Water-soluble and salt-soluble proteins possess stronger in vitro antioxidant capacities than gliadin and alkali-soluble protein. [85 ] Two polypeptides from Oviductus ranae protein DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals (in vitro ) 2-12 mg/mL Polypeptide with molecular weight of 1~5 kDa exerts stronger in vitro antioxidant activity than the polypeptide with molecular weight of 5~8 kDa. [86 ] Oviductus ranae /water-soluble proteins and water-insoluble constituents from Oviductus ranae/ three hydrolysates from Oviductus ranae water-soluble proteinDPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals (in vitro ) 2-10 mg/mL Water-soluble proteins display stronger in vitro antioxidant capacity than Oviductus ranae and water-insoluble constituents. After hydrolysis, the activity was increased and protein hydrolysates prepared by neutral protease show the highest activity. [87 ] Compound Renshen-Hamayou capsule Aging rats (in vivo ) 1.25 g/kg BW, i.g., for 60 days Decrease MDA; increase GSH-Px activity [88 ] Compound Linwayou granule X-ray-induced oxidative stress in mice (in vivo ) 100 and 200 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 7 days Increase SOD and GSH-Px activities [89 ] Antifatigue activities Oviductus ranae Mice (in vivo ) 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Prolong the endurance time of FST, increase liver glycogen, and decrease BLA [90 ] Oviductus ranae and its extractsHydrocortisone-induced kidney Yang deficiency syndrome in mice (in vivo ) OR: 680 mg/kg BW; PEEOR: 136 mg/kg BW for 7 days OR and PEEOR can increase body temperature and body weight and prolong the endurance time of rotarod test, hypoxia tolerance test, and FST. [91 ] Oviductus ranae High-intensity exercise training rats (in vivo ) 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 g/kg BW, i.g., for 6 weeks Increase body weight, endurance time of FST, testosterone, hemoglobin, and hepatic and muscle glycogen; decrease BUN [92 ] Water-soluble proteins from Oviductus ranae Mice (in vivo ) 0.075, 0.15, and 0.3 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Increase hepatic glycogen; decrease BLA [93 ] Protein hydrolysates from Oviductus ranae Mice (in vivo ) 0.052, 0.52, and 1.56 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Increase the endurance time of FST; decrease BUN and BLA [94 ] Peptides from Oviductus ranae Mice (in vivo ) 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Prolong the endurance time of FST, rotarod test, and pole-jumping test; reduce BUN and BLA [95 ] Water-insoluble components from Oviductus ranae Mice (in vivo ) 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Increase the endurance time of FST and hepatic glycogen; decrease BLA [96 ] Linwayou soft capsule Mice (in vivo ) 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Increase the endurance time of FST and hepatic glycogen; decrease BLA and BUN [97 , 98 ] Compound Linwayou-Yuhuangmo capsule Mice (in vivo ) 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Increase the endurance time of FST and hepatic glycogen; decrease BLA and BUN [99 ] Antiaging activities Oviductus ranae Drosophila melanogaster (in vivo )0.34 and 0.68 mg/g culture medium Increase life-span, resistance to cold, and lipofuscin [100 ] Oviductus ranae D -Galactose-induced aging mice (in vivo )0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg BW, i.g., for 43 days Decrease MDA and XOD; increase MPO and NO [101 ] Oviductus ranae D -Galactose-induced aging rats (in vivo )0.45, 0.9, and 1.8 g/kg BW, i.g., for 28 days Upregulate the expressions of cyclin D1, CDK6, and p15; downregulate p16 and p21 [102 –105 ] Water-soluble proteins from Oviductus ranae D -Galactose-induced aging mice (in vivo )0.075, 0.15, and 0.30 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Decrease MDA; increase SOD [106 ] Water-insoluble constituents from Oviductus ranae and their hydrolysates D -Galactose-induced aging mice (in vivo )0.15 and 0.3 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Water-insoluble constituents from Oviductus ranae can reduce MDA. Hydrolysates can decrease MDA and increase SOD and GSH-Px. [107 ] Hamayou capsule D -Galactose-induced aging mice (in vivo )1.4 and 2.8 g/kg BW, i.g., for 28 days Alleviate pathological changes of ovary and uterus; increase SOD, organ indexes of ovarian and uterine, estradiol and estrous cycle; decrease MDA [108 ] Estrogen-like activities Serum from Oviductus ranae -treated rats Rat ovarian granulosa cells (in vitro ) 4.5 g/kg BW, i.g., for 5 days Increase proliferation and E2 secretion, inhibit apoptosis, and protect ovarian granulosa cells [109 ] Oviductus ranae Mice (in vivo ) 0.05 and 0.2 g/kg BW, i.g., for 37 days Increase E2, FSH, T, and P; increase the thickness of uterine wall and the number of corpora atretica; enhance the expression of FSHR gene [110 ] Compound Rhizoma curcumae -Oviductus ranae Ovariectomized rats (in vivo ) 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg BW, i.g., for 12 weeks Increase E2, T, P, and IL-2; decrease FSH and LH; enhance the expression of ER [111 ] Hepatoprotective activities Oviductus ranae CCl4 -induced liver fibrotic rats (in vivo ) 1.5 and 3.0 g/kg BW, i.g., for 8 weeks Decrease ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, Hyp, and MDA; increase SOD and GSH-Px [112 ] Oviductus ranae Ethanol-induced liver fibrotic rats (in vivo ) 3 g/kg BW, i.g., for 8 weeks Increase glycogen granule; hepatocyte nuclear appeared to be large and round. [113 ] Oviductus ranae High-intensity exercise training mice (in vivo ) 0.9, 4.5, and 9.0 g/kg BW, i.g., for 28 days Decrease MDA in the liver, increase SOD in the liver, and improve the ultrastructure of impaired hepatic cells [114 ] Hypolipidemic activities Oviductus ranae High-fat-diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats (in vivo ) 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Decrease TC and TG [115 ] Water-insoluble constituents and their hydrolysates from Oviductus ranae High-fat-diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats (in vivo ) 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Decrease TC and TG; the effects of hydrolysates were superior to water-insoluble constituents. [116 , 117 ] Water-soluble proteins from Oviductus ranae High-fat-diet-induced fatty rats (in vivo ) 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g/kg BW, i.g., for 30 days Decrease TC and TG [118 ] Antiosteoporotic activities Oviductus ranae Ovariectomized rats (in vivo ) 0.05 g/kg BW, i.g., for 12 weeks Increase calcium, estrogen, BMD, bone scan index, femoral weight, W.th, and osteocalcin; decrease ALP, phosphorus, and BGP; enhance the proliferation of osteoblastic cells and the formation of mineralized nodes; reduce the number of TRAP-positive cells [119 ] Oviductus ranae Women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (in vivo ) 1 g per day, P.O., for 6 months Improve clinical signs and symptoms; increase E2; decrease BALP, IL-6, and BGP [120 ] Antidepressant activities Petroleum ether extract of Oviductus ranae Behavioral despair model of depression in mice (in vivo )in vivo ) 100, 300, and 900 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 8 days Decrease the dead time of FST and TST, CORT, and akinesia; increase body temperature [121 ] Petroleum ether extract of Oviductus ranae Chronic mild stress model of depression in rats (in vivo ) 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 21 days Increase body weight, motion distance of OFT, and sucrose preference; decrease CORT; upregulate the expression of BDNF protein [122 ] 1-Methylhydantoin Chronic forced swim stress-induced depression in rats (in vivo ) 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 14 days Increase body weight and sucrose preference; decrease CORT; upregulate the expression of BDNF protein [123 ] Antitussive, expectorant, antiasthmatic, and anti-inflammatory activities Oviductus ranae and its different extractsSulfur dioxide and ammonia-induced cough in mice (in vivo ) OR: 680 mg/kg BW; PEEOR: 68 and 136 mg/kg BW; MEOR: 85 and 170 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 3 and 7 days, respectively Prolong the incubation period of cough and reduce cough frequency (efficiency: [124 ] Oviductus ranae Ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice (in vivo ) 0.05 and 0.5 g/kg BW, i.g., for 8 weeks Decrease inflammatory cell count, IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ in BALF [125 ] 1-Methylhydantoin Ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in rats (in vivo ) 40 and 80 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 7 days Decrease IL-5, eotaxin, and eosinophil count in BALF [126 ] Acetylcholine-induced bronchial asthma in guinea pigs (in vivo ) 30 and 60 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 3 days Prolong the incubation period of asthma Histamine-induced contraction of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle (in vitro ) 0.5 and 1.0 g/L Increase antispasmodic percentage Ammonia-induced cough in mice (in vivo ) 50 and 100 mg/kg BW, i.g., for 3 days Prolong the incubation period of cough and reduce cough frequency Citric acid-induced cough in guinea pigs (in vivo ) 30 and 60 mg/g BW, i.g., for 3 days Prolong the incubation period of cough and reduce cough frequency Anticancer activities Protein hydrolysates from Oviductus ranae Human glioma C6 cell (in vitro ) 500 μ g/mL Inhibit glioma cell proliferation and colony formation; promote apoptosis in glioma cell; downregulate Bcl-2; upregulate Bax and cleaved caspase-3 [127 ] Glioma model in nude mice (in vivo ) 1.5 g/kg BW, i.g. Inhibit glioma growth; increase IL-1β , IL-6, and TNF-α ; upregulate p-PI3K, AKT, and p-AKT
