Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Ferroptosis

Figure 1

Generation of ROS and lipid peroxidation in cell death. (a) Generation of ROS; ROS are derived from superoxide radical, whose formation is mainly through NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase, and the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. Polyunsaturated fatty acids containing phospholipids can generate alkoxyl (RO^⋅) radicals by Fenton chemistry reaction. (b) The products of lipid peroxidation induce apoptosis and autophagy via different pathways. (c) GPX4 activity decreases and a depletion of GSH causes lipid peroxidation and consequently to ferroptosis.