Betulinic Acid Induces ROS-Dependent Apoptosis and S-Phase Arrest by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway in Human Multiple Myeloma

Figure 1

BA changed the morphology and inhibited the proliferation of MM cells. U266 and RPMI 8266 cells were exposed to different concentrations of BA (10, 20, 30, and 40 μM) or 0.1% DMSO (control group) for 12 h. (a) BA induced obvious morphological changes, with shrunken and broken dead cells visible under phase-contrast microscopy. (b) Apoptotic cells with nuclear pyknosis and asymmetric chromatin condensation were brightly stained with Hoechst 33342. (c) CCK-8 was used to evaluate inhibitory effects after treatment with different concentrations of BA for various hours (6, 12, 24, and 48 h). The results are presented as the of three independent experiments. ; ; and . (d) EdU staining was used to detect cell proliferation. EdU-positive cells (red fluorescence) were significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after BA treatment for 12 h. (e) Quantitative analysis of EdU-positive cells. ; ; and .

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