Research Article
Betulinic Acid Induces ROS-Dependent Apoptosis and S-Phase Arrest by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway in Human Multiple Myeloma
Figure 2
BA promoted apoptosis and S-phase arrest in U266 cells. (a) BA (40 μM) was applied to U266 cells for different periods of time, and representative graphs and statistical analysis of annexin V/PI double staining are displayed; . (b) U266 cells were cultured with the indicated concentrations of BA for 12 h, and representative flow cytometry graphs and statistical analysis of apoptosis are shown. ; . (c, d) The expression levels of the mitochondrial apoptosis proteins Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, cytochrome C, and cleaved PARP1 were evaluated by Western blotting after treatment with 40 μM BA for the indicated times or after exposure to the indicated concentrations for 12 h. (e, f) The indicated concentrations of BA were applied to U266 cells for 12 h. Representative graphs and quantitative cell cycle analysis after flow cytometry. ; ; and . (g) Expression levels of the S-phase-related proteins cyclin A, CDK2, p21Waf1/Cip1, and p27Kip were detected by Western blotting.
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