Circulating Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Clinical Studies on Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications

Table 3

Selected clinical prospective studies on circulating oxidative stress markers in T2DM. Categories are based on the following evidence levels: (A) large prospective studies and (B) prospective studies.

Disease and population	Sample	Markers	Observation	Class of evidence	Information on medication or supplements	Reference
T2DM ()	Plasma	AOPP; AGE; Protein carbonyl; Total reductive capacity of plasma	AOPP and total; reductive capacity of plasma were not associated with the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events; ↑ AGE and carbonyls were associated with the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in univariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis	A	Use of statins included in the multivariate model	[80]
T2DM ()	Urine	8-OHdG	↑ 8-OHdG is independently associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality	A	Use of aspirin, statins, beta blockers, and ACE inhibitors/ARB included in statistical analysis	[95]
T2DM ()	Plasma	AGEs	Baseline AGEs associated with subclinical atherosclerosis parameters over 10 years of follow-up	B	No clear indication	[78]
T2DM ()	Urine	8-oxoGuo; 8-OHdG	8-oxoGuo was associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death; 8-OHdG was not; associated with survival	A	No clear indication whether drugs were included in statistical analysis	[96]
T2DM ()	Urine	8-oxoGuo	8-oxoGuo was associated with all-cause mortality and CVD at diagnosis and; at 6-year follow-up	A	No clear indication	[97]
Newly diagnosed; T2DM ()	Urine	8-oxoGuo; 8-OHdG	8-oxoGuo at diagnosis predicted all-cause and diabetes-related mortality over 6 years; 8-OHdG was not associated with survival	A	No clear indication	[94]
T2DM ()	Plasma	AGEs	AGEs were associated with incident cardiovascular events over 3–7 years of follow-up	B	No clear indication	[79]
T2DM ()	Plasma	AGEs; Protein carbonyls	No independent associations between lower-extremity artery disease and AGE or protein carbonyls	A	Use of insulin therapy and antihypertensive,statin, fibrate, and antiplatelet drugs included in statistical analysis	[81]
T2DM ()	Serum	PON1	Lower PON1 activity and concentration were associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease	B	Not provided	[107]
() with no preexisting diabetes	Serum	PON1	Lower PON1 activity and concentration were associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM	B	Not provided	[108]
() with no preexisting diabetes	Serum	PON1	Incident T2DM was not associated with PON1	A	Not provided	[109]

8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; 8-oxoGuo: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products; IMA: ischemia-modified albumin; PON1: paraoxonase 1.