BA6 Induces Apoptosis via Stimulation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Human Lung Cancer Cells

Figure 2

Effect of BA6 on the viability of various cancer cells and the induction of apoptosis in A549 cells. BA6 reduced the viability of various cancer cells. A549 cells (a), GBM cells (b), U87 cells (c), HepG2 cells (d), HGF cells (e), and OMF cells (f) were treated with the 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM concentrations of BA6 for 24 h, respectively, and then, an MTT assay was performed to measure cell viability. Cell viability (%) was expressed as a percentage, as compared to the untreated cells (0 μM). The results are expressed as the of three independent experiments. The apoptosis assay of BA6-treated A549 cells was detected by annexin V-FITC (green fluorescence)/propidium iodide (red fluorescence) staining flow cytometry and immunofluorescence TUNEL (green fluorescence) staining. (g) A549 cells treated without and with BA6 (10 μM) for 24 h are shown with representative four quadrant dot plots from FITC-conjugated annexin V and PI staining. (h) The percentages of early apoptosis (lower right quadrant) and late apoptosis (upper right quadrant) from flow cytometric analysis for A549 cells treated with BA6 for 24 h were assessed. The apoptotic A549 cells were increased, along with increasing concentrations of BA6. Total cells are 20,000 events, and values are the of three independent experiments. (i) Immunofluorescence showed apoptotic A549 cells marked by the TUNEL assay without or with BA6 (10 μM) treatment for 24 h. The cell DNA/nuclei were stained using DAPI (blue color) and visualized under a laser confocal microscope (400x). (j) Living cell tomographic microscopy images of A549 cells untreated or treated with BA6 (10 μM). The significance was determined by Student’s -test: and , as compared with the control group.

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