Mitophagy and Oxidative Stress in Cancer and Aging: Focus on Sirtuins and Nanomaterials

Table 1

Agents affecting mitophagy.

Agent	Effect on mitophagy	Mechanism	Reference
Nicotinamide derivatives	Increase	NAD+ replenishment increases DCT-1- (ortholog to the mammalian BNIP3L/NIX) associated mitophagy in worms	[6]
Spermidine	Increase	Induces ATM activation that, in turn, promotes the accumulation of PINK1 and translocation of Parkin to mitochondria	[7]
Urolithin A	Increase	Upregulates of PINK1, DCT-1, and SKN-1; Mechanism not known	[8]
Rapamycin	Increase	Increases the translocation of p62 and Parkin to the damaged mitochondria	[9]
Metformin	Increase	Decreases the inhibitory interaction between Parkin and p53 and increase the degradation of mitofusins	[10]
Chloroquine	Inhibition	Inhibits phagosome/lysosome fusion	[11, 12]
Mitochondrial toxins: FCCP/CCCP, rotenone, antimycin A, valmycin, oligomycin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and 6-hydroxydopamine	Increase	Perturb mitochondrial ATP production and cause ROS generation	[13]
Ceramides	Increase	Interact directly with LC3B-II upon Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission, leading to inhibition of mitochondrial function and oxygen consumption	[14]
Selenite	Increase	Induces superoxide-mediated mitophagic cell death	[15]