The Bioprotective Effects of Polyphenols on Metabolic Syndrome against Oxidative Stress: Evidences and Perspectives

Table 2

The antioxidant activity of polyphenols in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Authors, year	Sources	Main polyphenols	Cell models or animal models	Antioxidant activity changes
(Baird and Dinkova-Kostova 2011) [49]	L. coromandelica bark	Gallic acid, caffeic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate,; chlorogenic acid, catechin	RAW 264.7 cells	Cellular ROS production↓,; SOD, CSH-Px, and CAT activities↑
(Kim, Kim et al. 2011) [50]	Pycnogenol	Procyanidins, phenolic compounds	High glucose-treated renal tubular cells	Lipid peroxidation↓, total reactive species↓, superoxide↓, nitric oxide (NO(·))↓, peroxynitrite (ONOO(-))↓, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, NF-κB nuclear translocation↓.
(Tsai, Hsu et al. 2017) [51]	Chemical hemisynthesis	Resveratrol	Human fibroblast-like synoviocytes	NADPH oxidase activity ↓, ROS generation↓
(Adefegha, Oyeleye et al. 2018) [52]	African crocus and wonderful kola seeds	Phenolic acids, flavonoids	Rat penile homogenate	FeSO4- and SNP-induced lipid peroxidation↓
(Lunder, Roskar et al. 2018) [53]	Coniferous	ND	Mouse C2C12 myoblast cells	Intracellular ROS production↓
(Oliveira, Dare et al. 2018) [54]	The leaves of Nectandra hihua	Flavonoids quercitrin, avicularin, juglalin, afzelin, astragalin	L929 fibroblasts	ROS production↓, lipid peroxidation inhibition↓
(Acero, Gradillas et al. 2019) [55]	Spanish local varieties of Prunus avium (L.)	ND	HepG2 cells	XOD↓, ROS↓
(Sun, Tao et al. 2019) [56]	Fresh citrus fruits	Flavonoids, phenolic acids	Intestinal HepG2 cells	CAA values ↑
(Nauman, Kale et al. 2018) [57]	Chemical hemisynthesis	Gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, acetylsalicylic acid	The ex-liver of mice	Peroxidative damage in microsomes↓, protein carbonyl in cytosolic fraction↓
(Liu, Ren et al. 2014) [58]	ND	Resveratrol	CK-exposed mice	The MDA activity↓, SOD, CSH-Px, and CAT activities↑
(Auberval, Dal et al. 2017) [59]	Red wine	Resveratrol	Wistar rats	Lipid peroxides↓, oxidative proteins↓.
(Jian, Ding et al. 2018) [60]	Loquat leaf	Flavonoids	PM2.5-induced NAFLD mice	Oxidative MDA↓, SOD↑
(Li, Chen et al. 2018) [61]	D. loddigesii, Dendrobium	Bibenzyls, phenanthrenes	Diabetic mice	The MDA activity↓, SOD, CSH-Px, and CAT activities↑
(Nauman, Kale et al. 2018) [57]	Chemical hemisynthesis	Gallic acid, acetylsalicylic acid	C57BL/6 mice	SOD, CSH-Px, and CAT activities↑, lipid peroxidation↓
(Song, Park et al. 2018) [62]	Walnut, chokeberry	Anthocyanins	Balb/c mice	MDA↓, lipid peroxidation↓, SOD and CSH-Px activities↑, antioxidant enzyme gene expression↑
(Zyzelewicz, Bojczuk et al. 2018) [63]	Cocoa bean	Flavan-3-ols, flavonols, phenolic acids	Male Wistar rats	GSH↑, GSSG↓
(Qian, Wang et al. 2019) [64]	Bilberry and black currant	Anthocyanins	Male ICR mice	SUA level↓, XOD activity↓, XOD mRNA and protein expressions↓

(↓): decrease; (↑): increase; ND: not detected; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; SNP: sodium nitroprusside; CAA: cellular antioxidant activity; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa; XOD: xanthine oxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; CK: cigarette smoke; MDA: malondialdehyde; CAT: chloramphenicol acetyl transferase; SUA: serum uric acid; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.