Total Polysaccharides of Lily Bulb Ameliorate Menopause-Like Behavior in Ovariectomized Mice: Multiple Mechanisms Distinct from Estrogen Therapy

Figure 3

The effects of estradiol and TPLB on OVX-induced anxiety- and depression-like behavior and cognitive performance after coadministration with ICI182,780. (a) Duration in the central zone in the open-field test (OFT); (b) number of entries into the central zone in the OFT; (c) duration in open arms in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test; (d) number of entries into the open arms in EPM; (e) percentage of sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test (SPT); (f) immobility time of forced swimming test (FST); (g) immobility time of the tail suspension test (TST). Data are expressed as () and examined with one-way ANOVA, followed by post hoc Sidak’s multiple comparison test. (h) Escape latency in the acquisition trials; (i–n) representative individual swim paths in the probe trial of the sham group (i), OVX group (j), OVX-E₂ group (k), OVX-E₂-A group (l), OVX-TP group (m); OVX-TP-A group (n); (o) swimming speed in the probe trial; (p) duration in the target zone in the probe trial; (q) entry number into the target zone in the probe trial; (r) latency to the target zone in the probe trial. Data are expressed as () and examined with two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and one-way ANCOVA, followed by post hoc Sidak’s multiple comparisons test: , , and vs. the sham group; ^#, ^##, and ^### vs. the OVX group; ^&, ^&&, and ^&&& vs. the E₂ group or TP group. Different color symbols in (h) indicate the corresponding groups.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

(q)

(r)