Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease

Figure 4

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasculoprotective effects by the DPP-4 inhibitor or GLP-1 analog therapy in septic mice. (a) Whole blood Hb-NO levels were determined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy as a read-out of iNOS activity. (b) Mortality of endotoxemic mice was assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves recording the survival in dependence of time. 17.5 mg/kg LPS or solvent was administrated by i.p. injection. DPP-4 inhibitor (Lina: 5 mg/kg/d s.c. for 3 d) and GLP-1 analogue (Lira: 200 μg/kg/d s.c. for 3 d) treatment was started 6 h after the induction of endotoxemia. (c) Microvascular thrombosis was detected by fluorescence imaging using fluorescent microbeads in endotoxemic wild-type mice, DPP-4^-/- mice, and GLP1r^-/- mice. Representative images of lungs are shown beside the quantification. The data are from 6-18 (a), 12 (b), or 4-6 (c) mice/group. vs. B6; ^# vs. B6+LPS; ^§ vs. GLP-1r^-/-. Adopted from Steven et al. [247] (with permission from John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2016, John Wiley and Sons).

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