Tetramethylpyrazine Prevents Contrast-Induced Nephropathy via Modulating Tubular Cell Mitophagy and Suppressing Mitochondrial Fragmentation, CCL2/CCR2-Mediated Inflammation, and Intestinal Injury

Figure 1

Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) protected the kidney from damage in a rat contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) model. The serum levels of creatinine (a), blood urea nitrogen (b), cystatin-C (c), urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (d), and urinary γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (e) were examined using automated biochemistry assays. Photomicrographs (original magnification, ×200) illustrate hematoxylin and eosin staining of the kidney tissues from rats in the following groups: control (Con; (f)), CIN without treatment (CIN; (g)), CIN with N-acetyl cysteine treatment (CIN+NAC; (h)), and CIN with TMP treatment (CIN+TMP; (i)). Figures are representative of 5–8 rats from each group. Data are represented as (SD; ). versus Con and ^## versus CIN.

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