Shepherd’s Purse Polyphenols Exert Its Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Effects Associated with Suppressing MAPK and NF-κB Pathways and Heme Oxygenase-1 Activation

Figure 4

Influences of SPE on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines with different LPS stimulation time. (a) NO; (b) PGE₂; (c) IL-6; and (d) TNF-α. Cells were incubated with 1 μg/ml LPS with the addition of 40 and 80 μg/ml of SPE at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h timepoints; culture supernatant was removed and centrifuged to remove particulates and analyzed for production of these cytokines. and versus LPS alone group.

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