Antioxidative Property and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Geniposide-Mediated Therapeutic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease

Figure 3

Schematic diagram of mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effects of geniposide. Geniposide inhibits the TLR4-mediated signaling cascades in inflammation induced by LPS. LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; AP-1: activator protein-1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthesis; IL: interleukin; NO: nitric oxide; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase.