Dietary Supplementation of the Antioxidant Curcumin Halts Systemic LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation-Associated Neurodegeneration and Memory/Synaptic Impairment via the JNK/NF-κB/Akt Signaling Pathway in Adult Rats

Figure 1

Curcumin mitigated the LPS-induced increase in ROS and oxidative stress and JNK activation in the adult rat hippocampus and in BV2 cells. (a) Presenting study plan for the current research work. Rats were divided into three groups: (1) control (2), LPS (3), and LPS+curcumin (b–e), representative histograms showing the ROS/LPO assays both in vivo and in vitro. Five animals were kept per group, and each experiment was repeated 3 times; i.e., ()/(). (f) Identifying the western blot results of p-JNK in the hippocampus of control, LPS, and LPS+curcumin. (g) Indicating the confocal results of p-JNK in the hippocampus of the adult rat. (h) Showing the western blot results of p-JNK in BV2 microglial cells. (i) Showing the confocal microscopy results of p-JNK in BV2 cells. (j) Immunohistochemistry results of p-JNK in the CA1 region of adult rat hippocampus. In each case of western blot assay, the same immunoblot was probed using β-actin as a loading control. 15 animals were kept per group; i.e., . Eight animals per group for western blot (), while 5 animals per group were used for confocal microscopy (). (n) Showing numbers of animal per group. Sigma Gel software was used to quantify the western blot results whereas ImageJ software was used to analyze the immunofluorescence results of p-JNK. Green color (FITC) and blue color (DAPI) represents the confocal microscopy results of p-JNK in the hippocampus while red color indicates immunofluorescent reactivity of p-JNK in BV2 microglial cells. Magnifications: 20x. . shows the significant difference between the control and LPS groups while the Ώ symbol shows the significance between the LPS and LPS+curcumin groups. In the in vitro study, the # symbol represents the significant difference between the LPS and LPS+SP600125 groups.

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