|
| Bioactive compound | Models | Treatment | Effects | Specific mechanism of action | Reference |
|
| Polyphenols | | | | | |
| Resveratrol | SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice | Transresveratrol 1 g/kg in diet, 7 months | ↑Life expectancy
↓Cognitive impairment in SAMP8
↓Amyloid deposition | ↑AMPK pathways
↑SIRT1
↑Nonamyloidogenic ADAM-10 enzyme | [239] |
| Quercetin | 3xTg-AD mice | i.p. injection 25 mg/kg every 48 hours for 3 months | ↑Learning and memory function | ↓Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, and BACE1
↓Microglial activation | [70] |
| Genistein | Intrahippocampal Aβ1-40-injected rats | 10 mg/kg, one hour before surgery | ↑Short-term spatial recognition memory in a Y-maze test
↑Learning and memory | ↓Oxidative stress | [86] |
| EGCG | APPsw mice | i.p. 20 mg/kg, 60 days, or orally 50 mg/kg, 6 months | ↑Memory performance
↓Aβ levels
↓Tau hyperphosphorylation | ↓α-secretase | [104] |
| Hesperidin | APP/PS1 mice | Intragastric administration 40 mg/kg for 90 days | ↑Learning and memory function | ↓Oxidative stress via activation of Akt/Nrf2
↓Inflammation via inhibition of RAGE/NF-κB | [116] |
| Anthocyanins | APPsw mice | ANT-rich blackcurrant extracts 5.6 mg/day, 6 weeks | ↑Spatial working memory | ↓Oxidative stress | [127] |
| Curcumin | Alzheimer transgenic APPsw mouse model | Low dose: 160 ppm or high dose: 5000 ppm, 6 months | ↓Overall insoluble and soluble amyloid, and plaque burden (low dose)
↓Oxidative stress and inflammation | ↓IL1-β, IL-6, and ApoE
↓NF-κB, iNOS, and COX-2
↓Plasma and tissue cholesterol | [139] |
| Rutin | Aβ1-42-injected rats | 100 mg/kg body weight/day, 3 weeks | ↓Aβ-induced learning and memory deficits
↓Aβ-induced neurotoxicity | ↑Activation of MAPK pathway
↑BDNF gene expression | [156] |
| Naringin | APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse | 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight/day, 16 weeks | ↑Learning and memory ability | ↑CaMKII activity | [167] |
| Naringenin | Aβ1-40-injected Wistar rats | Orally by gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg one hour before surgery | ↓Aβ-induced learning and memory deficits | ↓Lipid peroxidation
↓Apoptosis estrogenic pathway | [179] |
|
| Carotenoid | | | | | |
| Lycopene | Aβ1-42-injected Wistar rats | 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg, orally 14 days | ↓Aβ-induced learning and memory deficits | ↓NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β | [193] |
|
| Vitamins | | | | | |
| Vitamin A | APP/PS1 mice | i.p. 20 mg/kg all-trans-retinoic acid, 3 times/week, 8 weeks | ↓Spatial learning and memory
↓Aβ accumulation
↓Tau hyperphosphorylation | ↓APP processing
↓CDK5 activity
↓Activated microglia and astrocytes | [207] |
| Vitamin D | APP/PS1 mice | 0 (deficiency diet), 2.4 (control diet), and 12 IU/g (surplus diet), 5 months | ↓Amyloid plaques
↓Aβ peptides | ↓Neuroinflammation
↑NGF | [240] |
| Vitamin E | Tg2576 mice | 8 IU/g/day, 6 months | ↓Aβ peptide formation in young but not in old Tg2576 mice | ↓Oxidative stress | [241] |
|
