Anti-inflammatory Role of Carotenoids in Endothelial Cells Derived from Umbilical Cord of Women Affected by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 5

The effect of carotenoids on peroxynitrite levels in C- and GD-HUVECs. Intracellular peroxynitrite production in C- and GD-HUVECs incubated for 24 h with BC or Lyc (2.5 μmol/L) with or without TNF-α-stimulation (1 ng/mL) for 16 h. Data in the histogram are expressed as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ratio (signal to noise ratio) of 4 independent experiments (). Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 200 ng/mL) and ionomycin (Iono, 50 nM) for 30 min before the assay are used as positive controls for endogenous peroxynitrite production. ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparison test: vs. basal C-HUVECs, vs. TNF-α GD-HUVECs. Student’s -test: basal GD-HUVECs vs. basal C-HUVECs.