Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases

Table 1

Biomarkers of oxidative stress.

Biomarkers	Features
MDA (malondialdehyde)	Marker specific of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid peroxidation
HNE (4-hydroxy-2 nonenal)	Marker of arachidonic and linoleic acid oxidation
Sulfenic acid (SOH)	Marker of cysteine residue oxidation in specific proteins or enzymes (reversible)
Sulfinic (-SOOH) and sulfonic (-SOOOH) acids	Marker of cysteine residue oxidation in specific proteins or enzymes (irreversible)
Protein nitrosylation	Marker of cysteine residue modification induced by RNS (reversible)
Nitrated proteins	Irreversible tyrosine residue modification induced by RNS
Carbamylated proteins	Generated following the attack of the ^•OH radical to the residues of proline, lysine, and arginine
Oxidized LDL	Generated by LDL oxidation with ROS, RNS, and carbon-centered radicals