Euphorbia bicolor (Euphorbiaceae) Latex Extract Reduces Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model of Orofacial Pain

Figure 1

Total polyphenolic contents, in vitro antioxidant, in vitro free radical scavenging activities, and IC₅₀ values of E. bicolor latex extract. Total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), proanthocyanidin (TPrC), and terpenoid (TTC) contents of latex extract (a). Asterisks indicate significance compared to TFC at by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s analysis. Reducing power (b), percent inhibition of the 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical (c), percent inhibition of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (d), percent inhibition of the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) radical (e), and percent inhibition of the nitric oxide (NO) radical (f). For each assay, extract (black bars) was compared to its corresponding standard (grey bars) by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc analysis at . Significant difference compared to the positive control. IC₅₀ values of radical scavenging activities of latex extract (g). Asterisks indicate significance compared to IC₅₀ of DPPH scavenging activity at by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s analysis.

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