Betulinic Acid Suppresses Breast Cancer Metastasis by Targeting GRP78-Mediated Glycolysis and ER Stress Apoptotic Pathway

Figure 7

Diagram illustrating how BA inhibited glycolysis by targeting GRP78. BA interrupted the binding of GRP78 and PERK, which initiated ER stress, and subsequently activated eIF2α phosphorylation, resulting in β-catenin inhibition and c-Myc-mediated aerobic glycolysis. Meanwhile, the ER stress apoptotic pathway was triggered.