ROS-Mediated Cancer Cell Killing through Dietary Phytochemicals

Figure 3

ROS-mediated intracellular cell signalling pathways. The indicated signalling pathways regulate molecules associated with angiogenesis, survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; KEAP1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; HIF1 α/β: hypoxia inducing factor 1 α/β; HRE: HIF-responsive elements; p38 MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-related kinases; MEK: MAPK kinase; JNK; c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; IKK: IκB kinase; NFκB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; FOXO: forkhead box protein O; mTOR1: mechanistic target of rapamycin 1; ATF2: activating transcription factor 2; CAT: catalase; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TGFβ3: transforming growth factor beta 3; NOS2: nitric oxide synthase 2; BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; BCL-X_L: B-cell lymphoma-extra large; BAD: BCL2-associated agonist of cell death; TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule-1.