Antioxidant Supplementation in Renal Replacement Therapy Patients: Is There Evidence?

Table 1

Possible biomarkers of oxidative stress (oxidants and antioxidants) in hemodialysis.

Lipid oxidation	Free radicals	Protein oxidation	DNA oxidation	Antioxidants
TBARS; MDA; Ox-LDL; F2-isoprostanes; Lipoperoxides; PCOOH	Nitric oxide; ROS	Oxidized albumin; MPO; ADMA; AOPPs; AGEs; Homocysteine; Thiols; Carbonyls	8-OHdG; 8-OxodG	Endogenous; TAC; SOD; CAT; GSH; GSH-Px; GST; GSSG; GSH/GSSG; Ox-LDL antibodies; Uric acid; Albumin; Transferrin, ferritin; Exogenous; Zn, Cu, Se; NAC; Vitamin B complex; Vitamin E (a-tocopherol); Vitamin C (ascorbic acid); Polyphenols; A-Lipoic acid; Flavonoids; L-Carnitine; Q-enzyme Q10; Green tea; Curcumin; Statins; Omega-3 fatty acids
Measured in; (i) Plasma; (ii) Whole blood; (iii) White blood cells; (iv) Red blood cells; (v) Platelets

TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; MDA: malondialdehyde; ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoproteins; PCOOH phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MPO: myeloperoxidase; ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine; AOPPs: advanced oxidation protein products; AGEs: advanced glycation end-products; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine; 8-oxodG: 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GSH: glutathione; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; GST: glutathione transferase; GSSG: reduced oxidized glutathione; GSH/GSSG: ratio of glutathione/oxidized glutathione; Zn: zinc; Cu: copper; Se: selenium; NAC: N-acetyl-cysteine.