Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess., a Promising Natural Source of Antioxidant and Antibiotic Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens for the Treatment of Salmonella Gastroenteritis

Table 3

Minimal inhibitory concentration values of the hydroethanolic extracts 30%, 50%, and 70% from Kalanchoe brasiliensis fresh leaves collected in January (HEJ30, HEJ50, and HEJ70) and September (HES30, HES50, and HES70), ampicillin (AMP), chloramphenicol (CHL), and levofloxacin (LEV) against reference and clinical bacterial strains.

Bacterial strain	Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (μg/mL)
	HEJ30	HEJ50	HEJ70	HES30	HES50	HES70	AMP	CHL	LEV
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 6538)	>5000	>5000	5000	>5000	>5000	5000	<4	8	ND
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 29213)	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	<4	8	ND
Escherichia coli (ATCC® 10536)	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	<4	<4	ND
Escherichia coli (ATCC® 25922)	5000	5000	5000	>5000	>5000	5000	<4	<4	ND
Salmonella Choleraesuis (ATCC® 10708)	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	<4	<4	<4
Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC® 13311)	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	<4	<4	<4
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC® 9027)	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>500	64	ND
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATTC® 27853)	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>500	64	ND
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1485279	5000	5000	5000	>5000	>5000	5000	500	125	ND
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1605677	5000	5000	5000	5000	>5000	5000	125	8	ND
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1664534	5000	5000	5000	>5000	>5000	5000	32	8	ND
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1688441	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	>5000	250	250	ND
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 1830466	5000	5000	5000	5000	>5000	5000	125	<4	ND
Salmonella Enteritidis 1406591	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	<4	<4	<4
Salmonella Enteritidis 1418594	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	<4	<4	<4
Salmonella Enteritidis 1628260	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	<4	<4	<4
Salmonella spp. 1266695	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	<4	<4	<4
Salmonella spp. 1507708	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	5000	>500	<4	8

ND: not determined. MIC values of AMP, CHL, and LEV were in accordance with the ranges reported by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, document M100-S24 [31], classifying these bacteria as sensitive, intermediate, and resistant when appropriate. Experiments were carried out in quadruplicate and triplicate for the hydroethanolic extracts and for antibiotics, respectively.