Malondialdehyde and Uric Acid as Predictors of Adverse Outcome in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Table 2

Clinical and laboratory parameters as risk factors of death of patients with CHF in one-year follow-up. Uni- and multivariate Cox regression analyses.

	Univariate Cox regression analysis			Multivariate Cox regression analysis
	HR	95% CI		HR	95% CI
General characteristics
Male (yes/no)	0.993	0.575-1.715	0.981
Age (1 year)	1.021	1.001-1.041	0.035	1.012	0.984-1.040	0.406
BMI (1 kg/m^2)	0.957	0.915-1.001	0.053
Duration of symptoms (1 month)	1.005	1.001-1.008	0.006	1.001	0.996-1.006	0.700
NYHA class (by 1)	3.080	2.334-4.065	0.000	1.023	0.659-1.587	0.921
VO2 max. (1 mL/min/kg B.M.)	1.208	1.144-1.247	0.000	1.111	1.035-1.192	0.004
LVEDD (1 mm)	1.009	0.989-1.029	0.400
LVEDV (1 mL)	1.003	1.001-1.006	0.004
Lower LVEF (1%)	1.078	1.026-1.111	0.000	1.063	1.017-1.110	0.006
Basic biochemistry
Hemoglobin ↓ (1 g/100 mL)	1.042	0.927-1.171	0.491
Sodium ↓ (1 mmol/L)	1.122	1.078-1.168	0.000	1.070	1.012-1.131	0.018
Iron concentration ↓ (1 μmol/L)	1.019	0.994-1.045	0.129
Creatinine clearance ↓ (1 mL/min)	1.014	1.008-1.020	0.000	1.002	0.993-1.010	0.735
Serum protein (1 g/L)	1.028	0.997-1.060	0.074
Albumin ↓ (1 g/L)	1.056	1.008-1.105	0.021	1.018	0.953-1.088	0.592
Fasting glucose (1 mmol/L)	1.082	0.988-1.185	0.090
Total cholesterol (1 mmol/L)	0.959	0.817-1.126	0.609
Triglycerides (1 mmol/L)	0.831	0.643-1.073	0.156
Cholesterol HDL (1 mmol/L)	0.608	0.368-1.005	0.053
Cholesterol LDL (1 mmol/L)	1.079	0.895-1.301	0.425
NT-proBNP (100 pg/mL)	1.017	1.013-1.021	0.000	1.009	1.000-1.017	0.042
Comorbidities
Ischemic CM (yes/no)	1.279	0.853-1.919	0.233
Diabetes (yes/no)	1.531	1.031-2.272	0.035	1.065	0.643-1.764	0.806
Arterial hypertension (yes/no)	0.863	0.590-1.264	0.450
Atrial fibrillation (yes/no)	1.488	0.986-2.245	0.058
ICD presence (yes/no)	0.090	0.033-0.244	0.000	0.099	0.031-0.319	0.000
Smoker (yes/no)	0.835	0.554-1.260	0.391
Pharmacotherapy
Beta-blockers (yes/no)	0.434	0.160-1.178	0.101
ACE inhibitors (yes/no)	0.375	0.245-0.575	0.000	0.443	0.257-0.764	0.003
ARB (yes/no)	0.874	0.455-1.675	0.684
Loop diuretics (yes/no)	5.308	1.684-16.726	0.004	1.759	0.403-7.677	0.452
Thiazide diuretics (yes/no)	2.367	1.512-3.707	0.000	1.757	0.956-3.226	0.069
MRA (yes/no)	0.852	0.445-1.633	0.630
Statins (yes/no)	0.616	0.420-0.902	0.013	1.082	0.648-1.807	0.763
Fibrates (yes/no)	0.496	0.122-2.010	0.326
Digitalis (yes/no)	1.370	0.936-2.005	0.105
XO inhibitors (yes/no)	0.991	0.930-1.056	0.781
Oxidative stress markers
TAC (1 mmol/L)	3.263	1.237-8.607	0.017	0.618	0.150-2.546	0.505
TOS (1 mmol/L)	1.052	0.990-1.118	0.102
OSI (TOS/TAC)	1.018	0.964-1.075	0.516
Uric acid (10 μmol/L)	1.036	1.024-1.048	0.000	1.021	1.005-1.038	0.012
Bilirubin (1 μmol/L)	1.031	1.020-1.043	0.000	0.991	0.971-1.010	0.339
PSH (1 μmol/g of protein)	0.853	0.741-0.982	0.026	1.097	0.919-1.310	0.306
MDA (1 μmol/L)	1.967	1.410-2.742	0.000	2.103	1.330-3.325	0.001

BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; VO₂ max.: maximum rate of oxygen consumption; LVEDD: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV: left ventricle end-diastolic volume; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; CHF: chronic heart failure; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; ACE inhibitor: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin-2 receptor blockers; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; XO: xanthine oxidase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TOS: total oxidant status; OSI: oxidative stress index; MDA: malondialdehyde; PSH: sulfhydryl groups; NS: nonsignificant.