|
| Vitamins | Authors | Type of study | Patients/controls | Conclusions |
|
| Vitamin B3 | Abbott et al. [37] | A Honolulu-Asia Aging Study in Japanese-American | Total 8006 and observed 137 PD | Niacin has no obvious relationship with clinical PD |
| | Johnson et al. [38] | A case-control study in US | 126/432 | Niacin has no relationship with PD |
| | Fall et al. [34] | A case-control study in Sweden | 113/263 | High-niacin diet can reduce the risk of PD |
| | Hellenbrand et al. [35] | A case-control study in German | 342/342 | PD patients with lower intake of niacin than controls |
| Vitamin C | Yang et al. [61] | A prospective study in Sweden | Total 84,774 and observed 1329 PD cases | Intake of vitamin C has a negative correlation with PD risk in women at borderline significance () |
| | Hughes et al. [59] | A prospective study in American | Total 129,422 and observed 1036 PD cases | Intake of vitamin C has no relationship with PD risk |
| | Ide et al. [58] | A case-case study in Japan | 62 PD | The severe PD patients with significantly lower lymphocyte vitamin C levels () |
| | Miyake et al. [60] | A case-control study in Japan | 249/368 | Intake of vitamin C has no relationship with PD risk |
| | Zhang et al. [10] | A prospective study in US | Total 124,221 and observed 371 PD cases | Intake of vitamin C has no relationship with PD risk |
| | Férnandez-Calle et al. [56] | A case-control study in Spain | 63/63 | Vitamin C has no relationship with PD |
| | King et al. [127] | A case-control study in United States | 27/16 | Vitamin C was higher in PD groups |
| Vitamin E | Yang et al. [61] | A prospective study in Sweden | Total 84,774 and observed 1329 PD cases | Dietary intake of vitamin E has negative correlation with the incidence of PD in women () |
| | Hughes et al. [59] | A prospective study in American | Total 129,422 and observed 1036 PD cases | Vitamin E has no relationship with PD risk |
| | Miyake et al. [60] | A case-control study in Japan | 249/368 | Vitamin E significantly reduced the risk of PD |
| | Zhang et al. [10] | A prospective study in US | Total 124,221 and observed 371 PD cases | Intaking foods containing more vitamin E can reduce the risk of Parkinson’s disease |
| | Molina et al. [82] | A case-control study in Spain | 34/47 | CSF and serum vitamin E levels have no difference between two groups |
| | de Rijk et al. [78] | A cross-sectional study in Netherlands | 5342 individuals including 31 PD cases | Intaking 10 mg dietary vitamin E daily may reduce the risk of PD |
| | Logroscino et al. [77] | A case-control study in USA | 110/287 | Vitamins A, C, and E were not associated with PD |
| | Férnandez-Calle et al. [80] | A case-control study in Spain | 42/42 | Serum levels of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) have no difference between two groups |
| Vitamin D | Kim et al. [128] | A prospective, observational study in Korea | 39 PD cases | The level of vitamin D might impact the olfactory dysfunction in PD |
| | Sleeman et al. [112] | A prospective observational study in England | 145/94 | Serum 25(OH)D concentrations are often lower in PD patients than controls and relate to the severity of motor symptoms |
| | Wang et al. [110] | A case-control study in China | 201/199 | The serum 25(OH)D and sunlight exposure inversely correlated with PD occurrence |
| | Shrestha et al. [129] | A prospective study in USA | Total 12,762 participants and observed 67 PD cases | This study did not suggest that the vitamin D can reduce the risk of PD |
| | Liu and Zhang [111] | A case-control study in China | 229/120 | The 25(OH) D levels may be inversely associated with the PD severity |
| | Lin et al. [130] | A case-control study in China | 700/792 | They have not found the associations between the genetic variants of VDR and PD occurrence |
| | Zhu et al. [131] | A case-control study in China | 209/210 | Outdoor activity and total vitamin D intake may reduce the risk of PD |
| | Petersen et al. [132] | A case-control study in Denmark | 121/235 | They have not found the association between PD and vitamin D polymorphisms and/or 25(OH)D levels |
| | Török et al. [133] | A case-control study in Hungary | 100/109 | It showed the association between the FokI C allele and PD |
| | Lv et al. [134] | A case-control study in China | 483/498 | The study did not support the relationship between VDR gene and PD |
| | Peterson et al. [135] | A cross-sectional, observational study in USA | 40 PD | Serum vitamin D levels are inversely related to the severity of Parkinson’s disease and play an important role in balance of PD |
| | Suzuki et al. [96] | A prospective cohort study in Japan | 137 PD | The 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the vitamin D receptor FokI CC genotype may be associated with the severity of the PD |
| | Kenborg et al. [108] | A case-control study in Denmark | 3819/19,282 | This study supports that working outdoors can reduce the risk of PD |
| | Evatt et al. [136] | A survey study in USA | 199 PD (from DATATOP) | Vitamin D insufficiency is very common in early PD patients |
| | Miyake et al. [137] | A case-control study in Japan | 249/368 | The study showed that vitamin D was not related to the PD |
| | Knekt et al. [106] | The Mini-Finland Health Survey in Finland | Total 3173 and observed 50 PD cases | The serum vitamin D concentrations were inversely correlated with the risk of PD |
| | Kim et al. [94] | A case-control study in Korea | 85/231 | Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism was associated with the PD |
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