Review Article
Apitherapy for Parkinson’s Disease: A Focus on the Effects of Propolis and Royal Jelly
Table 2
Characteristics of included preclinical experiments involving administration of propolis, royal jelly, and their constituents in animal and cell culture models of Parkinson’s disease ().
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↑ denotes increase; ↓ denotes decrease; RJ: royal jelly; d: day; h: hour; PD: Parkinson’s disease; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; HR: heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; SNC: substantia nigra pars compacta; CPU: caudate putamen unit; 10-HDA: 10-hydroxy-decanoic acid; 10H2DA: 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid; SA: sebacic acid; DAEE: 2-decenoic acid ethyl ester; HPO-DAEE: 4-hydroperoxy-2-decenoic acid ethyl ester; HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; γ-GCL: γ-glutamylcysteine ligase; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NRF2-ARE: nuclear factor erythroid 2-antioxidant response element; eIF2α-ATF4: eukaryotic initiation factor 2, an upstream effector of the activating transcription factor-4; CAPE: caffeic acid phenethyl ester, genes encoding CD11b (a microglia surface antigen); COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; CGNs: cerebellar granule neurons; RMNs: rostral mesencephalic neurons; p.o.: oral gavage; AIF: apoptosis inducing factor; MPP: 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; caspase-3: cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; PB: pinocembrin; bcl-2: B cell lymphoma 2; bax: bcl-2-associated X protein; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; γ-GCS: γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: super oxide dismutase; DOPAC: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; HVA: homovanillic acid; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; NGF: nerve growth factor; GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; INF-γ: interferon-gamma; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-2: interleukin-2; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-10: interleukin-10; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; S100B: calcium-binding protein B; TRAP: total reactive antioxidant potential; TAR: total antioxidant reactivity. |