Metformin Protects ARPE-19 Cells from Glyoxal-Induced Oxidative Stress

Figure 4

Metformin treatment reduced ROS production and increased the NO levels in glyoxal-treated ARPE-19 cells. Glyoxal-treated ARPE-19 cells were treated with or without metformin (0.1 mM) for 24 h. The ROS production was quantified with a Reactive Oxygen Species Assay Kit (a) and immunofluorescence (b). The NO products were quantified with a Nitric Oxide Kit (c). Data are expressed as the ( in (a), in (c)), versus glyoxal group). NC: negative control, cells treated with DMEM/F12 without a probe. N: normal control; G, glyoxal-treated group; G+M, glyoxal and metformin cotreated group. Scale bar, 20 μm.

(a)

(b)

(c)