Metformin Protects ARPE-19 Cells from Glyoxal-Induced Oxidative Stress

Figure 5

Metformin increased phospho-AMPKα in glyoxal-treated ARPE-19 cells. Glyoxal-induced ARPE-19 cells were cotreated with or without metformin (0.1 mM) for 5 min. The ratios of phospho-AMPKα to total-AMPKα (a), phospho-AMPKα to β-actin (b), and total-AMPKα to β-actin (c) were determined. Data are expressed as the ( in (a), in (b), and in (c), versus the glyoxal group). N: normal control; G: glyoxal-treated group; G+M: glyoxal and metformin cotreated group.

(a)

(b)

(c)