Cardioprotective Effects of Dietary Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure by a Sex-Gender-Oriented Point of View

Table 1

Phytochemical effects on animal models of heart failure.

Experimental model	Phytochemical class	Dose	Treatment	Molecular pathway	Cardiovascular effect	References
Obesity, male rats	Quercetin	2 mg/kg/day 10 weeks	10 weeks	↓ TNF-α, ↓ adiponectin	↓ SBP	Rivera L. et al. 2008 [112]
Hypertension, male rats	Quercetin	10 mg/kg	5 weeks	↓ MDA	↓ SBP, improves endothelial function	Duarte J. et al. 2001 [113]
Hypertension, male rats	Quercetin	11 mg/kg	13 weeks	↑ eNOS activity, ↓ NADPH generation, ↓ p47	↓ SBP, improves Endothelial Function	Sanchez M. et al. 2006 [114]
Pressure overload, male rats	Quercetin	5-10 mg/kg day	3 weeks	↓ MDA, ↓ ERK1/2,↓ p38,	↓ HW/BW	Han JJ.et al. 2009 [115]
ISO induced cardiac fibrosis, male rats	Quercetin /rutin	25-50 mg/kg day		↑ SOD, ↓ angiotensin II, ↓ TGFβ1	↓ HW/BW	Li M. et al. 2013 [116]
Metabolic syndrome, male rats	Quercetin	0.8 mg/kg	8 weeks	↑ Nrf2, ↓ NF-κB	↓ SBP, ↑ LVEF,↑ E/A ratio	Panchal SK. et al. 2012 [117]
Dyslipidemia, male rats	Quercetin /ezetimibe	0.5% w/w	4 weeks	↓ GSH/GSSG ratio, ↑ Nrf2	↑ E/A ratio	Castillo LR. et al. 2018 [118]
Doxorubicin and I/R, male rats	Quercetin	15 mg/kg/day	6 weeks	↑ MMP-2,↑ pAkt	↓ apoptosis, improves LV relaxation	Bartekova M. et al. 2015 [119]
I/R injury, male rats	Quercetin	50 mg/kg/day	5 days	↓ HMGB1/TLR/NF-κB activity	↑ myocardial contractility, ↑ coronary flow,↓ infarct size	Dong LY. et al. 2018 [120]
I/R injury, male mice	Quercetin	250 mg/kg/day	10 days	↑ PPAR-γ activation, ↓NF-κB pathway	↑ LVEF, ↑ FS	Liu X. et al. 2016 [121]
I/R injury, male rats	Resveratrol	100 μmol/l	Before reperfusion	↑ SOD,↓MDA,↑ Nrf2	↑ LVEF, improves LV relaxation, ↓ infarct size	Cheng L. et al. 2015 [131]
I/R injury, male rats	Resveratrol	100 μmol/l	Before reperfusion	↓ TNF-α, ↓MPO, ↓NF-κB, ↓ TLR4	↓ infarct size, ↓ myocardial apoptosis	Li J. et al. 2014 [132]
Iron-induced cardiomyopathy, male mice	Resveratrol	320 mg/kg day	14 weeks	Sirt1 upregulation, FOX1 downregulation, ↑ SERCA2a	↑ E/A ratio, improves LV relaxation	Das SK. et al. 2015 [134]
Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, male mice	Resveratrol	15 mg/kg/day	3 weeks	Sirt1 upregulation, ↓ p53 acetylation	↓ myocardial apoptosis, improves LV relaxation and contractility	Zhang C. et al. 2011 [135]
Pressure overload model, male mice	Resveratrol	10mg/kg/day	4 weeks	↑SOD ↓ HIF-1α	↓HW/BW, ↑ LVEF,↑ FS, ↓ cardiac fibrosis	Gupta PK.et al. 2014 [136]
I/R injury, male rats	Curcumin	150 mg/kg	6 weeks	↓ MDA, ↓ TGFβ/Smad pathway	↓ cardiac fibrosis, ↑ LVEF, FS, SV	Wang NP. et al. 2012 [139]
I/R injury, male rats	Curcumin	300 mg/kg	1 week	↓ TLR2	↑ myocardial contractility	Kim YS. et al. 2012 [140]
I/R injury, male rats	Curcumin	0.25, 0.5, 1 μM	Before reperfusion	Sirt1 upregulation, ↑ SOD, ↓ MDA	↓ infarct size, improves LV contractility	Duan W. et al. 2012 [141]
Angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis, male rats	Curcumin	150 mg/kg	2-4 weeks	↓ TGFβ/Smad pathway	↓ SBP, ↓ cardiac fibrosis	Pang XF. et al. 2015 [142]
Surgical-induced myocardial infarction, male and female rats	Curcumin	150 mg/kg	4 weeks	↓ NF-κB, ↑ PPAR-γ	↓ cardiac fibrosis, ↓ cardiac apoptosis	Lv FH et al. 2016 [143]
Surgical-induced MI, male rats	Curcumin	50 mg/kg/day	7 weeks	↓ p300 HAT activity	↑ FS	Morimoto T. et al. 2008 [144]
Surgical-induced myocardial infarction, male mice	Curcumin	100 mg/kg/day	1 week	Sirt1 upregulation	↓ cardiac necrosis	Xiao J. et al. 2016 [145]
ISO-induced myocardial infarction, male rats	Curcumin nanoparticles	100, 150, 200 mg/kg/day	15 days	↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β	↓ cardiac necrosis	Boarescu PM. et al. 2019 [148]

I/R: ischemia reperfusion; ISO: isoproterenol; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; eNOS: nitric oxide synthase; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TGFβ1: transforming growth factor beta 1; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa beta; GSH/GSSS ratio: reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio; MMP2: matrix metalloproteinase-2; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1 protein; PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; MPO: myeloperoxidase; TLR: toll-like receptor, Sirt1: sirtuin 1; HIF-1α : hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HAT: hystone acetyl transferase; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-1α: interleukin 1 alpha; IL-1β: Interleukin 1-beta; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HW/BW: heart weight/body weight; FS: fractional shortening; SV: stroke volume.