Wenxin Keli Regulates Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Homeostasis and Improves Atrial Remodeling in Diabetic Rats

Figure 1

WXKL inhibited H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. (a) Representative confocal microscopy images of atrial fibroblasts that were stained with DCFH-DA and merged with cells. (b) Quantification of ROS by DCFH-DA intensity. (c) Analysis results of OCR from Seahorse XF24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Oligomycin inhibits ATP synthase (complex V), FCCP uncouples oxygen consumption from ATP production, and AA+retenone inhibits complexes I and III, respectively. Sequential compound injections measure basal respiration, ATP production, proton leak, maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and nonmitochondrial respiration. The decrease in OCR upon injection of oligomycin represents the portion of basal respiration that was being used to drive ATP production. The maximal OCR attained by adding the uncoupler FCCP. Nonmitochondrial respiration due to a subset of cellular enzymes that continue to consume oxygen after AA+retenone addition. (d) Representative confocal microscopy images of atrial fibroblasts that were stained with JC-1 dye. (e) Quantification of MMP of atrial fibroblasts by JC-1 aggregates/JC-1 monomer. (f) Quantification of MMP from LA of rats between the 3 groups. WXKL: Wenxin Keli; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; DCFH-DA: 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; AA: antimycin A; FCCP: carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone. Values are presented as . Compared with control, . ^#Compared with H₂O₂, ; independent experiments. Compared with the control group of rats, . ^##Compared with the DM group of rats, . per group.

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