Protective Effect of Metformin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) Cells by Enhancing Autophagy through Activation of AMPK Pathway

Figure 1

Metformin attenuated the decrease in cell viability and apoptosis induced by H₂O₂ in D407 cells. (a) Cells were treated with H₂O₂ (50-800 μM) for 24 h, and cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. (b) Cells were pretreated with metformin (MET) at the indicated concentrations and then incubated with or without 200 μM H₂O₂ for further 24 h. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. (c) Cells were pretreated with 1 mM metformin and then incubated with or without 200 μM H₂O₂ for further 24 h. Micrographs of representative cultures measured by TUNEL staining (scale bars, 200 μm). (d) Quantitative analysis of (c). (e) Graphs of representative cultures measured by flow cytometry. (f) Quantitative analysis of (e). Data is presented as the ; , .

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