Protective Effect of Metformin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) Cells by Enhancing Autophagy through Activation of AMPK Pathway

Figure 2

Metformin inhibited H₂O₂-induced increase of ROS levels and restored the mitochondria membrane potential in D407 cells. Cells were pretreated with 1 mM metformin and then incubated with or without 200 μM H₂O₂ for further 24 h. (a) Micrographs of fluorescent labeled cells stained by DCFH-DA reagent for ROS (scale bars, 200 μm). (b) Quantitative analysis of (a). (c) The decline of the membrane potential was reflected by the shift of fluorescence from red to green indicated by JC-1 (scale bars, 200 μm). (d) Quantitative analysis of (d). Data are presented as the ; , .

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