Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 2 and Extracellular Volume Fraction in Patients with Heart Failure

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the included HF patients.

	All HF patients ()	With events ()	Without events ()	value
Clinical characteristics and comorbidities
Age (years)	57.7 (9.2)	56.9 (8.9)	58.1 (9.5)	0.45
Male [ (%)]	49 (72.9)	17 (63.0)	32 (71.1)	0.65
Smoking [ (%)]	24 (33.3)	11 (40.7)	13 (28.9)	0.44
Hypertension [ (%)]	49 (68.1)	18 (66.7)	31 (68.9)	0.95
Diabetes [ (%)]	32 (44.4)	13 (48.1)	19 (42.2)	0.81
Atrial fibrillation/flutter [ (%)]	33 (45.8)	13 (48.1)	20 (44.4)	0.95
Type of heart failure				0.76
HFrEF [ (%)]	19 (16.4)	8 (29.6)	11 (24.4)
HFmrEF [ (%)]	17 (23.6)	7 (25.9)	10 (22.2)
HFpEF [ (%)]	36 (50.0)	12 (44.4)	24 (53.3)
LVEF	50.0 (38.9, 59.4)	46.0 (38.9, 58.0)	52.1 (38.5, 60.1)	0.59
LVEF in patients with HFrEF	33.2 (27.9, 36.7)	32.1 (27.5, 36.5)	35.3 (28.4, 37.0)	0.74
LVEF in patients with HFmrEF	45.1 (43.2, 47.8)	44.6 (43.0, 47.5)	46.0 (43.2, 48.0)	0.67
LVEF in patients with HFpEF	56.9 (53.4, 67.2)	55.8 (53.2, 68.0)	58.2 (54.0, 66.3)	0.88
Causes of heart failure
Ischemic heart disease	48 (66.7)	16 (59.3)	32 (71.1)	0.44
Valvular heart disease	14 (19.4)	7 (25.9)	7 (15.6)	0.45
Dilated cardiomyopathy	10 (13.9)	4 (14.8)	6 (13.3)	0.86
Current medication
ACEI/ARBs [ (%)]	52 (72.2)	22 (81.5)	30 (66.7)	0.28
Aldosterone antagonist [ (%)]	50 (69.4)	18 (66.7)	32 (71.1)	0.89
CCB [ (%)]	22 (30.6)	9 (33.3)	13 (28.9)	0.89
Beta-blockers [ (%)]	33 (45.8)	14 (51.9)	19 (42.2)	0.58
Loop diuretics/HCT [ (%)]	58 (80.6)	25 (92.6)	33 (73.3)	0.09
Digoxin [ (%)]	42 (58.3)	15 (55.6)	27 (60.0)	0.90
Statins [ (%)]	59 (81.9)	24 (88.9)	35 (77.8)	0.38
Antithrombotics [ (%)]	55 (76.4)	19 (70.4)	36 (80.0)	0.52
Physical examination
Heart rate (beats/min)	91.1 (18.5)	93.0 (17.3)	89.9 (19.3)	0.40
Systolic BP (mmHg)	147.6 (23.9)	143.3 (24.4)	150.1 (23.5)	0.25
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	81.5 (16.5)	79.8 (16.5)	82.5 (16.7)	0.51
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.4 (5.0)	26.2 (5.2)	25.0 (4.9)	0.32
Laboratory indices
Hemoglobin (g/L)	116.9 (18.5)	115.2 (18.8)	117.8 (18.5)	0.34
ALT (IU/L)	34.9 (32.7, 44.8)	34.5 (32.5, 47.5)	36.9 (33.4, 44.8)	0.53
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	52.8 (45.4, 73.5)	52.7 (45.3, 73.0)	52.9 (45.4, 73.7)	0.94
FPG (mmol/L)	7.8 (6.1, 10.4)	7.4 (5.8, 10.3)	8.2 (6.5, 10.4)	0.31
HbA1c	6.4 (5.8, 7.6)	6.0 (5.7, 7.4)	6.4 (5.9, 7.8)	0.22
TC (mmol/L)	4.9 (3.9, 5.4)	4.9 (3.9, 5.3)	4.9 (3.9, 5.6)	0.67
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.7 (2.2, 2.9)	2.6 (2.1, 2.9)	2.8 (2.4, 2.9)	0.12
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.9 (0.9, 1.1)	0.9 (0.8, 1.1)	1.0 (0.9, 1.1)	0.38
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	2.3 (1.9, 3.2)	2.0 (1.9, 2.8)	2.5 (1.9, 3.4)	0.30
hs-CRP (mg/L)	7.6 (2.1, 9.7)	8.0 (4.0, 14.1)	5.8 (1.6, 8.9)	0.08
Sodium (mmol/L)	133.8 (11.4)	134.2 (11.8)	133.5 (11.3)	0.80
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.1 (0.9)	4.0 (0.9)	4.3 (0.8)	0.22
NT-proBNP (ng/L)	4251.3 (1757.6, 8957.8.1)	6942.9 (5410.2, 10199.5)	3763.6 (1965.6, 8495.5.5)	0.03
SFRP2 (μg/L)	30.5 (23.3, 33.4)	32.0 (27.8, 35.9)	28.1 (21.1, 33.2)	0.04
ECV fraction (%)	35.6 (32.1-40.6)	39.2 (34.7-41.4)	33.3 (30.7-37.0)	0.01

Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean (standard deviation). Categorical variables are expressed as number (percentages). ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ECV: extracellular volume; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HCT: hydrochlorothiazide; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF: heart failure; HFmEF: HF with midrange ejection fraction; HFpEF: HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: HF with reduced ejection fraction; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; SFRP2: secreted frizzled-related protein 2.