Review Article

Adjuvant Therapies in Diabetic Retinopathy as an Early Approach to Delay Its Progression: The Importance of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Table 2

Relationship between nutraceuticals and the pathophysiological pathways of DR. The “✓” on each cell indicates whether the nutraceutical (rows) has shown an effect on each mechanism (columns). In this table, it is remarkable how every nutraceutical has at least some antioxidant effect. Since various mechanisms are involved in DR, we can then aim the therapeutic approach to several targets. High doses may be prooxidant instead of antioxidant.

Diabetic retinopathy
NutraceuticalOxidative stressInflammationAngiogenesisApoptosis and autophagyAntidiabetes propertiesEndoplasmic reticulum stress

Xanthophylls
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Zinc
Alpha-lipoic acid
Manganese
Curcumin
Polyphenols and resveratrol
Ubiquinone
Erianin
Omega-3 fatty acids
Melatonin