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| Design | Intervention | Results | Reference |
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| Clinical trial | (i) Group 1: zinc (20 mg), magnesium (250 mg), vitamin C (200 mg), and vitamin E (100 mg)
(ii) Group 2: zinc, magnesium, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B1 (10 mg), vitamin B2 (10 mg), vitamin B6 (10 mg), biotin (200 μg), vitamin B12 (10 μg), and folic acid (1 mg)
(iii) Group 3: placebo | No difference was observed between the three groups. Short-termed combined adjuvant therapy did not show efficacy in MNSI score for diabetic neuropathy | [210] |
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| Clinical trial | (i) Group 1: oral glucose (75 g)
(ii) Group 2: oral glucose, vitamin C (2 g), and vitamin E (800 IU) | FMD did not change significantly after glucose plus vitamins. | [211] |
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| Clinical trial | 12 weeks of 6 d/week of exercise with:
(i) Group 1: vitamin E (400 IU of D-α-tocopherol) plus 3 tea sachets 3 per/d in 240 mL of water containing 1.5 g per sachet
(ii) Group 2: placebo | There was a decrease of waist circumferences and fasting glucose level; erythrocyte catalase activities increased in the combined adjuvant therapy group. | [212] |
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| Clinical trial | (i) Group 1: vitamin E (800 IU/d), vitamin C (500 mg/d), and α-lipoic acid (900 mg/d)
(ii) Group 2: CoQ10 3 (400 mg) 3 per day
(iii) Group 3: placebo | Antioxidants did not alter the cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers | [213] |
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| Clinical trial | (i) Group 1: Ginkgo biloba dry extract
(ii) Group 2: α-lipoic acid and vitamin C
(iii) Group 3: papaverine chlorhydrate and vitamin E
(iv) Group 4: placebo | There was no statistical difference in audiometry, speech recognition threshold, or percentage index of speech recognition in patients with presbycusis | [214] |
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| Clinical trial | (i) Group 1: CoQ10 (400 mg)
(ii) Group 2: lutein (10 mg), astaxanthin (4 mg), zeaxanthin (1 mg), vitamin C (180 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), zinc (20 mg), and copper (1 mg).
(iii) Group 3: placebo | Mitochondrial dysfunction measured by SMF of platelets and its hydrolytic activity increased in the CoQ10 and combined therapy group | [215] |
|
| Clinical trial | (i) Group 1: intravitreal ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 mL)
(ii) Group 2: intravitreal ranibizumab with the added DHA supplementation group which is composed of the following: concentrated oil in omega-3 fatty acids (500 mg), triglyceride-bound (350 mg), eicosapentaenoic acid (42.5 mg), docosapentaenoic acid (30 mg), vitamin B1 (0.37 mg), vitamin B2 (0.47 mg), vitamin B3 (5.3 mg NE), vitamin B6 (0.47 mg) vitamin B9 (66.7 μg), vitamin B12 (0.83 μg), vitamin C 26.7 mg), vitamin E (4 mg), zinc (1.66 mg), copper (0.16 mg), selenium (9.16 μg), manganese (0.33 mg), lutein (3 mg), zeaxanthin (0.3 mg), and glutathione (2 mg) | Statistically significant decrease of central subfield macular thickness in favor of the combined DHA supplementation group, but improvement in the best-corrected visual acuity measured in ETDRS was not statistically significant. | [216] |
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| Preclinical | (i) Group 1: normal diet with added supplementation of the following: vitamin C (300 mg), vitamin D3 (10,000 IU), vitamin E (300 IU), fish oil (1.6 g), eicosapentaenoic acid (650 mg), docosahexaenoic acid (500 mg), benfotiamine (1 g), α-lipoic acid (750 mg), tocomin (200 mg), zeaxanthin (40 mg), lutein (20 mg), resveratrol, green tea, turmeric root (curcumoids), N-acetyl-cysteine, Pycnogenol® pine bark, grape seed extract, CoQ10, zinc (2.65 g), and soybean oil
(ii) Group 2: no supplementation | The group receiving the adjuvant supplement showed decreased capillary cell apoptosis, attenuated retinal damage, OS, mitochondrial damage, and inflammation with no impact on hyperglycemia | [217] |
|
| Preclinical | (i) Group 1: control group
(ii) Group 2: diabetic rats left for 3 days
(iii) Group 3: untreated diabetic rat group
(iv) Group 4: diabetic rats treated with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg b.wt.)
(v) Group 5: diabetic rats treated with niacin (40 mg/kg b.wt.)
(vi) Group 6: CoQ10 and niacin
(vii) Group 7: glibenclamide (5 mg/kg b.wt.)
(viii) Group 8: donepezil hydrochloride (3 mg/kg b.wt.)
(ix) Group 9: glibenclamide and donepezil hydrochloride | CoQ10 and niacin improved glucose and insulin levels, an improvement of neurotransmitters and OS biomarkers. Decrease in levels of ICAM, VCAM, and Ang-II and finally decreased levels of TNF-α and caspase-3 | [218] |
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| Preclinical | (i) Group 1: control group
(ii) Group 2: DM and streptozotocin vehicle
(iii) Group 3: DM+MPO (2 mg/kg bw)
(iv) Group 4: DM+MPO (10 mg/kg bw)
(v) Group 5: DM+MPO (50 mg/kg bw) | MPO groups showed a reduced aldose reductase activity and reduced expression of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 in rat lens. Medium (10 mg/kg bw) dosing showed a significant decrease in GPx activity in lens of diabetic rats | [219] |
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| Preclinical | (i) Group 1: ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg)
(ii) Group 2: ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg)
(iii) Group 3: diclofenac sodium (5 mg/kg)
(iv) Group 4: diclofenac sodium and ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg)
(v) Group 5: diclofenac sodium and ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg)
(vi) Group 6: prednisolone (5 mg/kg)
(vii) Group 7: prednisolone and ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg)
(viii) Group 8: prednisolone and ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg)
(ix) Group 9: atorvastatin (8 mg/kg)
(x) Group 10: atorvastatin and ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg)
(xi) Group 11: atorvastatin and ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg)
(xii) Group 1: control | The formalin- and carrageenan-induced inflammation was best inhibited by the combination of diclofenac and ascorbic acid | [220] |
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| Preclinical | (i) Group 1: low-fat diet
(ii) Group 2: high-fat diet treated with metformin (250 mg/kg/day)
(iii) Group 3: high-fat diet treated with resveratrol (100 mg/kg/day)
(iv) Group 4: high-fat diet treated with metformin and resveratrol | Significant restoration of AMPK with combined therapy. Metformin alone did not induce AMPK activation in prefrontal cortex | [221] |
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| Retrospective | (i) Group 1: statin consumption
(ii) Group 2: statin with vitamin C | Statins decrease complication rate of NPDR, and an increased protective effect when vitamin C was added | [222] |
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| Clinical trial | (i) Group 1: placebo and metformin (2550 mg/day)
(ii) Group 2: melatonin (10 mg), zinc (50 mg), and metformin
(iii) Group 3: melatonin and zinc | Melatonin and zinc, alone or adjunct to metformin improved fasting and postprandial glucose levels | [206] |
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