Natural Antioxidants: A Review of Studies on Human and Animal Coronavirus

Table 1

Antioxidant properties of natural inhibitors of coronavirus.

Compound	Type of cells tested/assays/experimental models	Concentration / dose	Antioxidant effect	Reference
Quercetin	HepG2 cells	10 μmol/L	Inhibiting oxidative stress promoted by H2O2	[48]
	Rats with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome	50 mg/kg (p.o.)	Promoted an increase in SOD, CAT, and GPx and reduced lipid peroxidation	[49]
	Sepsis-induced acute lung injury in rats	100 mg/kg (p.o.)	Reduces lipid peroxidation and increases SOD and CAT levels	[50]
Quercetin 3-β-glucoside	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats	40 mg/kg (p.o.)	Increases levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, vitamins C and E, and GSH and reduces lipid peroxidation	[53]
Quercetin 3-β-galactoside	High glucose-induced injury of myocardial cells	20 nmol/L	Decreases apoptosis and ROS production and increases SOD levels	[56]
Quercetin 7-ramnoside	CCl4-induced liver damage model in mice; DPPH; ABTS	20 mg/kg; IC50 = 118.75 μM (DPPH); (ABTS)	Decreases lipid peroxidation and increases CAT and GSH levels; Scavenging of free radicals	[57]
Epigallocatechin gallate	Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus	2.5 mg/100 g (i.p.)	Reduces indirect nitric oxide synthesis and total oxidative status; Increased levels of CAT and total antioxidant capacity of plasma	[62]
	Rats with streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes mellitus	2 mg/kg (p.o.)	Increased levels of CAT, SOD, and GSH; Reduced levels of superoxide and protein carbonyl (PCO) and prevented DNA damage	[63]
Epigallocatechin gallate	DPPH; ABTS; FRAP	400 μM	, , and , respectively; , , and , respectively	[65]
Gallocatechin gallate	Acute lung injury induced by sepsis in rats	50 mg/kg	Decreases TBARS levels and increases levels of SOD and GSH	[69]
Amentoflavone	DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals	50 μg/mL	Scavenging of free radicals (19.21-75.52%)	[67]
Apigenin	TEAC; ORAC; FRAP	, , and , respectively	Scavenging of free radicals	[71]
	Cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in rats	25 mg/kg (p.o.)	Reduces levels of MDA, increases SOD levels, and prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis	[72]
Luteolin	Human colon cancer cells (HT-29)	50 μg/mL	Increases levels of GSH, expression of GSH synthetase, and the activity of SOD and CAT	[75]
	Acute lung injury induced by sepsis in mice	0.2 mg/kg (i.p.)	Reduces lipid peroxidation, increases the activity of SOD and CAT, and suppresses the NF-κB pathway	[76]
Herbacetin	Mice with obesity-associated insulin resistance induction	40 mg/kg (p.o.)	Increases the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	[79]
Pectolinarin	Hepatic injury induced by D-galactosamine in rats	10 and 20 mg/kg (p.o.)	Increases levels of SOD, GSH, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase	[80]
Rhoifolin	ORAC	Approximately 10 Trolox equivalents (μM)	Scavenging of free radicals	[83]
Catechin	ABTS; FRAP; Dihydrorhodamine 123 oxidation assay	(mol Trolox equivalents/mol), (mol Trolox equivalents/mol), and , respectively	Scavenging of free radicals	[86]
Isobavachalcone	DPPH SC50; FRAP; ABTS SC50	250.8 μM, equivalent to FeSO4·7H2O, and 510.1 mM, respectively	Scavenging of free radicals	[88]
Psoralidin	Electron spin resonance		Scavenging of free radicals	[87]
Myricetin	DPPH; Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (V79-4) treated with H2O2	5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL; 10 μg/mL	Scavenging of free radicals (21% and 54%, respectively); Prevents DNA damage and lipid peroxidation; Increases the activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx	[96]
Helichrysetin	ORAC	Trolox equivalents	Scavenging of free radicals	[92]
Scutellarein	DPPH; ABTS; Superoxide radicals	, , and , respectively	Scavenging of free radicals	[99]
Resveratrol	DPPH SC50/	26.37/0.849 μmol/dm	Scavenging of free radicals	[101]
	Rats with obstructive lung disease	50 mg/kg	Increases SOD activity and reduces MDA levels	[103]
	Hypercholesterolemic ApoE-KO mouse	100 mg/kg	Inhibits the activity and expression of NADPH oxidases; Increases SOD, GPx, and CAT levels	[102]