Pharmacological Effects and Toxicogenetic Impacts of Omeprazole: Genomic Instability and Cancer

Table 2

Omeprazole studies published in scientific databases in relation to therapeutic use, mechanisms of action, dose/concentration, and interactions with vitamins.

Parameters	Clinical % ()	Nonclinical %
		In vitro ()^#	In vivo ()^##
Analysis objects
Dose	15.8	—	13.3
Adverse effects	10.5	9.1	13.3
Drug interactions	26.3	9.1	—
Mechanisms of pharmacological action	42.1	63.6	53.4
Toxicogenic risks	5.3	18.2	20.0
Therapeutic use
Duodenal ulcer	15.8	—	26.7
Gastric ulcer	10.5	—	20
Gastroesophageal pathologies	42.4	9.1	20
Gastric cancer	5.3	—	13.3
Other pathologies	26.0	90.9	20.0
Mechanism of action
Proton pump inhibition	52.6	27.3	60
Acid and pH control	26.3	27.2	7.4
CYP219 and CP3AY enzyme inhibition	10.5	—	14.3
Effect of gastric distension	5.3	—	—
Apoptosis and protein p53	5.3	—	—
Activators of the receptor (AhR)	—	18.2	18.3
Regulation ATPase in tumor cells	—	9.1	—
Inhibition of interleukin- (IL-) 8	—	9.1	—
Inhibition of absorption of Na^+	—	18.2	—
Not reported	—	—	—
Dose/concentration
10 mg/kg	5.3	—	—
20 mg/kg	66.7	—	6.7
30 mg/kg	8.7	—	6.7
40 mg/kg	19.3	—	20.2
20 mM	—	18.2	6.7
25 mM	—	18.2	6.7
40 mM/ml	—	—	20
100 mM	—	9.1	—
1 μM	—	7.28	1.26
2 μM	—	7.28	1.26
3 μM	—	7.28	1.26
4 μM	—	7.28	1.26
5 μM	—	7.28	1.26
40 μM	—	18.1	6.7
100 μm/kg	—	—	10.0
200 μm/kg	—	—	10.0
Interaction with vitamins
Use of antioxidants	—	—	13.3
Without the use of antioxidants	100	100	86.7

^#Concentration/ml. ^##Dose/kg. CYP219 and CYP3AY (metabolizing enzymes). AhR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; IL-8: interleukin 8. Chi-square test .