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Activities | Dose/concentration | Study | Test systems | Mechanism of action | Preventive approach | References |
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Antioxidant | 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Induction of CYP1A1, antihyperoxia | Prevention of oxidative damage | [92] |
Antioxidant | 10.0 μM | In vitro: cell culture | Human lung fetal cells | Upregulation of NADPH kinase oxidoreductase-1 via Nrf-2 expression not dependent on Nrf-2 | Prevention of oxidative damage | [74] |
Antioxidant | 2 and 5 mg/kg (dose-dependent) | In vivo | Rats | ⋅OH scavenging capacity, prevention of apoptosis by nuclear fragmentation | Prevention of oxidative damage and apoptosis | [73] |
Antioxidant/anti-inflammatory | 8.49 g/ml | In vivo | Rats | Reduction of hemorrhages and inflammation, preserving the endoplasmic reticulum | Protection of oxidative stress | [80] |
Antioxidant Antineuropathic | 50 mg/kg | In vivo | Rats | Inhibits NF-κB, releases cytokines, protects cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) damage induction, reduces oxidative stress, increases several internal antioxidants | Protection of oxidative damages | [72] |
Antitoxicity | 5 μg/ml | In vitro | Tumor cells | Cytochrome P450 metabolism (CYP450), CYP2C19, CYP3A4, C4P2CY | Toxicity prevention | [93] |
Anti-inflammatory | 300 μM | In vivo | Mice | Inhibition of TNF-α and interleukin | Antiapoptosis prevention of oxidative stress | [75] |
Anti-inflammatory | Not reported | In vivo | Microglia | Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines | Prevention of oxidative damage | [76] |
Anti-inflammatory | 0.5, 1.5, and 10 μg/ml | In vitro | MRC-5 cells | Antibacterial effect | Protection from bacterial infection | [94] |
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