Curcumin, a Multifaceted Hormetic Agent, Mediates an Intricate Crosstalk between Mitochondrial Turnover, Autophagy, and Apoptosis

Figure 2

General consideration about the curcumin molecule. (a) Synthesis of curcumin by the general method proposed by Pabon [5]. (b) Keto-enol tautomerism (left) prototropic equilibria (right) and some of the degradation products of curcumin (center). (c) Possible sites of attack of reactive oxygen species with stabilization of phenoxyl intermediate and its regeneration by ascorbic acid or other proton donors. Schematic adapted with permission from Priyadarsini [1].

(a)

(b)

(c)