Review Article
Hydrogen Sulfide as a Potential Alternative for the Treatment of Myocardial Fibrosis
Table 1
H2S donors and their involvement in myocardial fibrosis.
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Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; Ang-II: angiotensin-II; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; ECM: extracellular matrix; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; FoxO1: transcription factor Forkhead 1; GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase-3β; H2S: hydrogen sulfide; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MI: myocardial infarction; miRNA: microRNA; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NOX4: NADPH oxidase 4; MuRF1: muscle RING-finger protein-1; NF-κβ: nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cell; Nrf2: nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinases; PKC: protein kinase C; PKG: protein kinase G; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SMAD: mothers against decapentaplegic homolog; Sp1: specificity protein 1; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; Trx1: thioredoxin 1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor. ↓ and ↑ denote inhibition or suppression and increase or activation, respectively. |