Peptides from Animal Origin: A Systematic Review on Biological Sources and Effects on Skin Wounds

Table 2

All relevant results reported in all studies included in the systematic review on peptides of animal origin applied in the treatment of skin wounds.

Peptide source	Outcomes
	Increased	Reduced
Human [21, 22, 24, 31]	Wound closure [21, 22, 24, 31]; Reepithelialization [24]; Inflammatory cells [21, 22]; Blood vessels [21, 22, 24, 31]; Tensile strength [21]	Wound area [21, 22, 24, 31]; Inflammatory cells [31]; IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α [31]
Other mammals [20, 29, 32, 33]	Wound closure [20, 29, 32, 33]; Reepithelialization [20, 29]; Dermal regeneration [20, 32]; Inflammatory cells [32]; Blood vessels [20, 32, 33]; Collagen [20, 29, 32, 33]; SOD, CAT, GSH, and MIF [32]; Hexosamine [29, 33]; Ascorbate and Proteins [29]; Tensile strength [29]; Collagen contraction temperature [29]; DNA, NO, VEGF, and TGF-β1 [33]	Wound area [20, 29, 32, 33]; MDA, TNF-α, and NF-kB [32]; Lipid peroxidation [29]
Amphibian [1, 13, 16, 25, 27, 28, 36, 38, 40, 41, 44]	Wound closure [1, 13, 16, 25, 27, 28, 36, 38, 40, 41, 44]; Reepithelialization [13, 16, 25, 27, 28, 36, 40, 41]; Dermal regeneration [13, 16, 25, 27, 28, 36, 40, 41]; Inflammatory cells [13, 27, 41]; Blood vessels [28]; Collagen [36, 41]; Myofibroblasts [25, 27, 36, 41]; MCP-1 and VEGF [36]; TNF-α [36, 41]; TGF-β [41]; TGF-β1 [13, 27, 36]; CXCL1 and CCL2 [41]; HIF-1α, eNOS, and iNOS in diabetic wounds [28]	Wound area [1, 13, 16, 25, 27, 28, 36, 38, 40, 41, 44]; Inflammatory cells [28]; IL-6 and TNF-α in diabetic wounds [28]
Fish [12, 15, 26, 30, 34, 35, 37, 43]	Wound closure [12, 15, 26, 30, 34, 35, 37, 43]; Reepithelialization [12, 26, 34, 35, 37, 43]; Dermal regeneration [12, 26, 34, 35, 37, 43]; Inflammatory cells [26, 34]; Collagen [34, 37, 43]; VEGF [26, 30, 43]; EGF and TGF-β [30, 37]; FGF [43]; bFGF [37]; TβRII [37]; IL-1 [30]; IL-10 [43]; NOD2 and BD14 [43]; Hydroxyproline [37]	Wound area [12, 15, 26, 30, 34, 35, 37, 43]; Inflammatory cells [12]; IL-6 [12, 26, 30, 34]; TNF [30]; MCP-1 [26]; TNF-α [12, 26]; CRP [34]; CXCL5 [12]; Bacterial loads [12, 26, 34]
Jellyfish [39]	Wound closure, Reepithelialization, Dermal regeneration, Collagen, β-FGF, and TGF-β1	Wound area
Mollusk [42]	Wound closure, Reepithelialization, Dermal regeneration, CD31, EGF, FGF, TGF-β, TβRII, IL-1, and IL-10	Wound area, Inflammatory cells, and Smad7
Insect [23]	Wound closure, Reepithelialization, and Inflammatory cells	Wound area

IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GSH: glutathione; MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; NO: nitric oxide; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; MDA: malondialdehyde; NF-κB: transcription factor kappa-B; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; HIF: hypoxia-inducible factor; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; EGF: epidermal growth factor; CRP: C-reactive protein; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; TβR: transforming growth factor-β receptor.