Oxidative Stress-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Disruption in Neurological Diseases

Table 3

Antioxidant drugs towards oxidative stress in neurological diseases.

Antioxidant drugs	Targets	Clinical use	Ref
Edaravone	ROS, MDA, SOD, Nrf2/HO-1, GFAP, and TJs	AIS and ALS	[327, 328]
N-Acetylcysteine	Nrf2/HO-1, GSH, SOD, MDA, TAS, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E	PD, ALS, AD, and TBI	[334, 351–354]
Minocycline	GSH, MDA, NO, iNOS, eNOS, DPPH, MMP-9, MAP2, GFAP, CD11b, and Iba1	IS and AIS	[355–357]
Metformin	ROS, SOD, MDA, GSH, CAT, 8-iso-PGF2α, glutathione, glutamate, catalase, Nrf2/HO-1, and AMPK/mTOR	TBI, AD, and acute stroke	[339, 340, 342]
Fingolimod	NO, iNOS, cNOS, tNOS, SOD, MDA, GSH, and GSH-Px	RRMS and stroke	[358–360]
Idebenone	MDA, NO, GSH, and CAT	AD and HD	[361–363]
Dimethyl fumarate	SOD, MDA, GSH, GPx, NADPH, GFAP, Iba1, and Nrf2/HO-1	RRMS and stroke	[364, 365]