A Preclinical Systematic Review of Curcumin for Protecting the Kidney with Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Table 2

Characteristics of the included studies.

Study (year)	Species (sex,  = experimental/control group)	Weight	Model (method)	Anesthetic	Treatment group (method to astragal sides)	Control group	Outcome index (time)	Intergroup differences
Ni (2019) [24]	SD rats (male, 10/10)	230-260 g	Block the right renal pedicle vessels for 45 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	3.5% chloral hydrate (10 mL/kg)	By intravenous injection of 1 mL of 0.1% DMSO containing 100 mg/kg curcumin at 2 hours before establishing the model	By intravenous injection of 1 mL of 0.1% DMSO at 2 hours before establishing the model	(1) Renal pathology; (2) The serum levels of β2-MG, UAER, BUN, and Cr; (3) The expression and the transcriptional efficiency of miR-146a, nNOS, eNOS, and iNOS; (4) The serum levels of NO and cGMP	(1); (2); (3); (4)
Chen (2018) [8]	BALB/c mice (male, 12/12)	NM	Block the bilateral renal arteries for 30 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	Ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg)	By intraperitoneal injection of curcumin before establishing the model	By intraperitoneal injection of isovolumic NS before establishing the model	(1) The serum level of BUN and Cr; (2) Kidney fibrosis; (3) The expression of (ECM) protein expression; (4) Western blot of APPL1 and phosphorylated Akt	(1); (2); (3); (4)
Zhang (2018) [12]	SD rats (male, 10/10)	280–320 g	Block the left renal pedicle vessels for 45 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	Pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg)	By intravenous injection of 60 mg/kg curcumin at 45 minutes before establishing the model	By intravenous injection of isovolumic NS before establishing the model	(1) Renal pathology; (2) The serum levels of BUN and Cr; (3) The serum level of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8; (4) The TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 content in renal tissue; (5) Western blot of JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, p-STAT3, p65, and p-p65	(1); (2); (3); (4); (5)
Hu (2018) [23]	Wistar rats (male, 24/24)		8-week incremental load swimming training^[^1^]	Ethyl ether	By oral gavage of 200 mg/kg/d curcumin during the swimming training	By oral gavage of isovolumic CMC-Na during the swimming training	(1) Renal pathology; (2) The serum levels of BUN and Cr; (3) The serum levels of testosterone and corticosterone; (4) The serum levels of T-AOC, SOD, and MDA; (5) Effect of apoptosis and Bcl-2/Bax expression in rat renal tissue; (6) The expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1 in renal tissue	(1); (2); (3); (4); (5); (6)
Kaur (2016) [13]	Wistar rats (female, 6/6)	175–225 g	Block the bilateral renal arteries for 40 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	Ethyl ether	By oral gavage of 60 mg/kg curcumin at 60 minutes before establishing the model	By oral gavage of nothing at 60 minutes before establishing the model	(1) Renal pathology; (2) CCL; (3) The serum levels of BUN and UA; (4) Estimation of sodium/potassium levels and macroproteinuria; (5) The MPO, GSH TBARS, and SAG content in renal tissue	(1); (2); (3); (4); (5)
Liu (2016) [9]	Wistar rats (NM, 6/6)	150–200 g	Block the bilateral renal arteries for 45 minutes and then reflow for 6 hours	Pentobarbital sodium	By oral gavage of 10 mg/kg/d curcumin for 2 weeks before establishing the model	By oral gavage of isovolumic corn oil for 2 weeks before establishing the model	(1) The serum levels of BUN, Cr, and LDH; (2) The serum level of MPO; (3) The serum level of MDA and GSH; (4) The caspase-3 and KIM-1 content in renal tissue; (5) The serum levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ	(1); (2); (3); (4); (5)
Xu (2016) [21]	SD rats (male, 15/15)	200–250 g	Block the bilateral renal arteries for 60 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	3% chloral hydrate (300 mg/kg)	By intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg curcumin for 5 days before establishing the model	By intravenous injection of isovolumic NS for 5 days before establishing the model	(1) The serum levels of BUN and Cr; (2) The serum level of TNF-α, HO-1, and ICAM-1; (3) The content of MPO in renal tissue	(1); (2); (3)
Najafi (2015) [25]	Wistar rats (male, 7/7)	200–250 g	Block the bilateral renal arteries and veins for 30 minutes and then reflow for 72 hours	Ethyl ether	By intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg curcumin every 24 hours during 72 h reperfusion period	By intravenous injection of isovolumic NS every 24 hours during 72 h reperfusion period	(1) Renal pathology; (2) The serum levels of BUN and Cr; (3) The MDA and FRAP content in renal tissue; (4) Leukocyte infiltration in renal tissue	(1); (2); (3); (4)
Chen (2013) [16]	SD rats (NM, 10/10)	250-300 g	Block the bilateral renal arteries and veins for 45 minutes and then reflow for 3 hours	Pentobarbital sodium (35 mg/kg)	By oral gavage of 12.5 mg/kg/d curcumin for 2 days before establishing the model	By oral gavage of nothing for 2 days before establishing the model	(1) The serum levels of BUN and Cr; (2) EF, LV, SV, SP, and ESPVR; (3) The serum levels of CK-MB and cTnI; (4) The content of MDA and TNF-α in heart tissue	(1); (2); (3); (4)
Wang (2013) [19]	Wistar rats (male, 8/8)	220–280 g	Resect right kidney and block the left renal pedicle vessels for 45 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	2% pentobarbital sodium (45 mg/kg)	By intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg curcumin at 30 minutes before establishing the model	By intravenous injection of nothing at 30 minutes before establishing the model	(1) Renal pathology; (2) The serum levels of BUN and Cr; (3) The NF-κB content in renal tissue	(1); (2); (3)
Hammad (2012) [15]	Wistar rats (male, 8/8)	280-321 g	Block the left renal pedicle vessels for 45 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	Ketamine hydrochloride (70 mg/kg) and pentobarbital sodium (20 mg/kg)	By oral gavage of 200 mg/kg/d curcumin for 5 days before establishing the model until the day after modeling	By oral gavage of isovolumic CMC-Na for 5 days before establishing the model until the day after modeling	(1) Renal pathology; (2) GFR; (3) RBF; (4) UV; (5) UNaV; (6) FENa; (7) The serum levels of TNF-α	(1); (2); (3); (4); (5); (6); (7)
Niu (2012) [20]	SD rats (male, 8/8)	200–280 g	Treadmill training 6 days and rest 1 day a week, circularly for 5 weeks	NM	By oral gavage of 200 mg/kg/d curcumin during the treadmill training	By oral gavage of isovolumic NS during the treadmill training	(1) The serum level of BUN and Cr; (2) Renal coefficient; (3) The serum level of TNF-α, IL-1β (IL-18); (4) The TNF-α content in renal tissue	(1); (2); (3); (4)
Nian (2012) [18]	SD rats (female/male, 10/10)	200–250 g	Resect right kidney and block the right renal pedicle vessels for 45 minutes and then reflow for 2 hours	7% chloral hydrate	By intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg/d curcumin for 3 days before establishing the model	By intraperitoneal injection of isovolumic NS for 3 days before establishing the model	(1) Renal pathology; (2) The serum level of BUN and Cr; (3) The HIF-1α content in renal tissue	(1); (2); (3)
Tao (2012) [22]	SD rats (male, 12/12)	220–260 g	Block the right renal pedicle vessels for 45 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	10% chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg)	By intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL of 0.1% DMSO containing 100 mg/kg curcumin at 2 hours before establishing the model	By intraperitoneal injection of isovolumic 0.1% DMSO at 2 hours before establishing the model	(1) Renal pathology; (2) The serum level of BUN and Cr; (3) The level of MDA and SOD in renal tissue; (4) The expression of Bax and Fas; (5) Effect of apoptosis Bcl-2/Bax and Fas expression in rat renal	(1); (2); (3); (4); (5)
Awad (2011) [14]	SD rats (male, 12/12)	200–250 g	Block the bilateral renal content in renal tissue, arteries, and veins for 40 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	Chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg)	By oral gavage of 100 mg/kg/d curcumin for 5 days before establishing the model	By oral gavage of isovolumic NS for 5 days before establishing the model	(1) The serum level of IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-18, IL-12, and IFN-γ; (2) TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-18, IL-12, and IFN-γ; (3) The TGF-β content in lung tissue; (4) The caspase-3 content in lung tissue	(1); (2); (3); (4)
Li (2011) [17]	Wistar rats (male, 24/24)	200–280 g	Block the right renal pedicle vessels for 60 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	3% pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg)	By intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg curcumin at 30 minutes before establishing the model	By intravenous injection of isovolumic of NS at 30 min before establishing the model	(1) The serum level of BUN and Cr; (2) Renal coefficient; (3) The TNF-α and IL-6 content in renal tissue and serum	(1); (2); (3)
Rogers (2011) [11]	C57/B6 mice (male, 10/10)	NM	Block the bilateral renal arteries for 30 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	Isoflurane	By intravenous injection of 4 mg/kg/d curcumin at 12 hours before establishing the model	By intravenous injection of 150 mL empty liposome at 12 hours before establishing the model	(1) Renal pathology; (2) The serum level of urea and Cr; (3) NF-κB-p50 subunit in renal APC; (4) Phosphorylated NF-κB-p65 in renal TEC; (5) TEC apoptosis; (6) The gene expression of TLR4, HSP70, and TNF-α; (7) The mRNA expression of CCL5, CCL2, and CXCL2; (8) Neutrophil infiltration in renal tissue; (9) SOD mRNA expression; (10) The protein expression of tyrosine nitration in renal tissue; (11) The gene expression of iNOS; (12) The expression of TXNIP	(1); (2); (3); (4); (5); (6); (7); (8); (9); (10); (11); (12)
Bayrak (2008) [4]	Wistar rats (male, 6/6)	150–200 g	Block the bilateral renal arteries for 45 minutes and then reflow for 24 hours	Xylazine (10 mg kg^-1) and ketamine (70 mg kg^-1)	By oral gavage of 200 mg/kg/d curcumin for 7 days before establishing the model	By oral gavage of nothing for 7 days before establishing the model	(1) Renal pathology; (2) The serum level of Cr; (3) The serum level of urea and cystatin C; (4) The serum level of SOD; (5) The serum level of GSH-Px, MDA, NO, and PC; (6) The CAT, SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, NO, and PC content in renal tissue; (7) The serum level of TAC and TOS	(1); (2); (3); (4); (5); (6); (7)