Carbon Monoxide Being Hydrogen Sulfide and Nitric Oxide Molecular Sibling, as Endogenous and Exogenous Modulator of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Mechanisms in the Digestive System

Table 1

Antioxidative effects of CO donors in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models of gastric mucosal injury or gastric cancer.

Experimental model (publication)	CO donor	Dose	Form of application
Ethanol-induced gastric damage mouse model [55]	DMDC	12.5 μmol/kg	Intraperitoneal injection
↓ Lipid peroxidation, ↑ GSH
Alendronate-induced gastric damage rat model [56]	DMDC	81 μmol/kg	Intraperitoneal injection
↓ Lipid peroxidation, ↑ GSH
Alendronate-induced gastric damage + mild stress rat model [30]	CORM-2	5 mg/kg	Intragastric injection
GPx-1 and SOD-2 gene expression not affected, ↓ NF-κB gene expression
Water immersion and restraint stress-induced gastric damage rat model [57]	CORM-2	1 mg/kg	Intragastric injection
↓ Lipid peroxidation, restored activity of gastric mucosal SOD and GSH, and attenuated GPx-1 and SOD-2 gene expression
Acute aspirin-induced gastric damage rat model [31]	CORM-2	5 mg/kg	Intragastric injection
↓ Lipid peroxidation, ↓ IL-1β gene expression, restored activity of GPx-1
Human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line [60]	CORM-2	10, 25, 50 μM	Incubation with medium containing CO
↓ IL-1β induced IL-8 gene and protein expression, ↓ IL-8 promoter activity, ↓ IL-1β induced ROS production