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| Types of nature products | Natural products | Mitochondrial regulation | Types of liver diseases | Experimental models |
|
| Mixture | Rooibos tea [58] | Enhances the ability of the respiratory chain and energy production | Liver injury | Carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced liver damage in rats |
| Cimicifuga racemosa extract [59] | Maintains mitochondrial integrity and ATP levels; prevents mitochondrial ROS formation, loss of ΔΨm, and cell death; and mediates a switch from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis | Liver injury | Erastin-treated HT22 cells and ras-selective lethal compound c-treated HepG2 cells |
| Sipjeondaebo-tang [60] | Improves oxidative stress and regulate ΔΨm | Liver injury | Iron/arachidonic acid-treated HepG2 and CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice |
| Polygonatum kingianum [61] | Inhibits the reduction of SOD, GSH, ATP synthase, and complex I and II, in the mitochondria; upregulates and downregulates mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and uncoupling protein-2, respectively; inhibits the increase of caspase-9, caspase-3 and Bax expression in hepatocytes; and decreases the expression of Bcl-2 in hepatocytes and cytchrome c in the mitochondria | NAFLD | High-fat diet-induced NAFLD in rats |
| Punica granatum L. [62] | Decreases the expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), restores the ATP content, inhibits mitochondrial protein oxidation, and improves mitochondrial complex activity in the liver | NAFLD | High fat diet-induced NAFLD in rats and ellagic acid treated HepG2 cells |
|
| Monomer | Betaine [63] | Enhances mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial fusion and improves cell survival | Liver injury | Oligomycin-/rotenone-treated human HCC (Huh7) cells |
| Nicotinamide riboside [64] | Enhances Sirt1 and PGC-1α activity, reduces oxidative stress, and restores mitochondrial biogenesis and aerobic respiration | AFLD | Ethanol-induced AFLD in C57BL/6J mice and ethanol-treated HepG2 cells |
| Puerarin [65] | Improves liver complex I and complex II activity and regulates mitochondrial DNA content | NAFLD | High-fat and sucrose diet-induced NAFLD in C57BL/6J mice |
| Diosgenin [66] | Improves oxidative stress and increases ΔΨm | NAFLD | Palmitic acid-induced NAFLD in L-02 cells |
| Silybin [67] | Stimulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, reduces basal and maximal respiration and ATP production in steatohepatitis cells, and rescues fatty acid-induced apoptotic signals and oxidative stress in steatohepatitis cells | NAFLD/NASH | Oleate/palmitate mixture and TNFα-treated rat hepatoma FaO cells |
| Salvianolic acid B [68] | Decreases cytochrome c and caspase-3 protein expression, increases mfn2 mRNA expression and ΔΨm, and enhances mitochondrial respiratory function | NASH | High-fat diet-induced NASH in rats |
| NecroX-7 [69] | Reduces mitochondrial ROS and intracellular ROS/RNS levels, protects ΔΨm, improves abnormal mitochondrial morphology, and reduces steatosis and oxidative damage by inhibiting mitochondrial ROS/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) | NASH | Leptin-deficient ob/ob and methionine/choline-deficient diet-fed ob/ob mice |
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