Integrated Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis Reveals the Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Bushen Tiansui Formula in an Aβ1-42-Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 1

Differentially expressed endogenous metabolites between groups sham and AD and their change trends in all groups.

Metabolite		Rt (min)	HMDB ID	PubChem ID	AD vs. sham			AD^a	BSTSF^b
					VIP		FC
ESI+
Tangeritin	373.1267	5.3139	0030539	68077	2.374	0.001	0.591	↓	↑
Cer(d18:1/16:0)	538.5199	11.3614	0000790	5283564	1.953	0.004	0.750	↓	↑
Candicidin	566.289	7.6092	0015283	10079874	1.493	0.031	0.835	↓	↑
Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z))	648.6289	13.1778	0004953	5283568	1.468	0.035	0.871	↓	—
GlcCer(d14:1/20:0)	700.5725	11.005	—	70699223	1.257	0.043	0.883	↓	↑
Galbeta-Cer(d18:1/20:0)	778.6169	12.1307	—	44260150	1.564	0.012	0.902	↓	↑
Cer(d18:1/18:0)	566.5511	11.9439	0004950	5283565	2.03	0.004	0.929	↓	—
Sphinganine	302.3053	7.4398	0000269	91486	1.656	0.014	0.949	↓	—
LysoPE(16:1(9Z)/0:0)	452.2772	7.6754	0011504	52925129	1.644	0.021	0.976	↓	↑
PE(18:1(9Z)/16:0)	759.565	8.4109	0009055	9546802	2.422	0.001	0.977	↓	—
LysoPC(16:1(9Z)/0:0)	494.3241	7.5904	0010383	24779461	1.4	0.041	0.986	↓	↑
PI(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/0:0)	621.303	7.8276	—	42607497	1.679	0.023	0.986	↓	↑
LysoPE(0:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z))	548.2745	7.6944	0011496	53480945	1.603	0.043	0.989	↓	↑
Oleamide	563.5505	8.9533	0002117	5283387	2.205	0.001	1.003	↑	—
Cer(d18:0/22:0)	665.6552	10.5332	0011765	5283575	1.564	0.01	1.004	↑	↓
Desmethylclomipramine	301.1428	13.9123	0060947	622606	1.551	0.026	1.005	↑	↓
Phytol	360.3263	13.3117	0002019	5280435	1.649	0.017	1.007	↑	↓
PE(15:0/14:1(9Z))	680.4797	10.8995	0008888	52924158	1.879	0.014	1.017	↑	↓
Cotinine glucuronide	416.1429	0.768	0001013	3398121	1.78	0.025	1.024	↑	↓
13Z-Docosenamide	338.3424	9.7988	—	5365371	1.091	0.05	1.027	↑	↓
PI(18:0/0:0)	601.3349	9.4901	—	42607495	1.735	0.011	1.027	↑	—
L-a-Lysophosphatidylserine	526.3142	9.1446	—	28040605	1.827	0.002	1.029	↑	—
S-Adenosylmethionine	399.1444	0.5786	0001185	34755	1.358	0.033	1.038	↑	↓
Rollinecin A	663.4538	11.419	0030438	177320	1.881	0.005	1.046	↑	—
Jubanine B	762.3905	6.2048	0030206	101316795	1.692	0.011	1.052	↑	↓
Sinapoylspermine	409.2812	6.1949	0033479	131751433	1.891	0.005	1.052	↑	↓
Latrepirdine	352.2404	12.5435	0240240	197033	1.828	0.002	1.059	↑	↓
Ecgonine methyl ester	232.1546	12.0323	0006406	104904	2.296	0.001	1.085	↑	—
Xestoaminol C	230.248	6.1084	—	14756407	1.128	0.044	1.087	↑	↓
Fasciculic acid B	678.4588	7.1307	0036438	196808	1.434	0.011	1.140	↑	↓
ESI-
Citbismine A	639.1921	3.8775	0041086	131753020	1.875	0.007	0.840	↓	↑
Cer(d18:1/20:0)	638.5713	12.6161	0004951	5283566	2.051	0.004	0.916	↓	↑
Glucosylceramide (d18:1/18:0)	772.5938	11.5561	0004972	11958364	1.543	0.009	0.929	↓	↑
1-O-Beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2,3-di-O-palmitoylglycerol	775.5571	11.6171	0031680	10462651	1.902	0.005	0.941	↓	—
PE(16:1(9Z)/P-16:0)	672.4954	11.2227	0008982	53479605	1.331	0.038	0.954	↓	—
PC(18:1(11Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z))	771.5158	10.4438	0010620	53480619	1.676	0.027	0.962	↓	↑
PE(15:0/22:0)	806.5909	11.8787	0008907	52924172	1.69	0.025	0.974	↓	—
PS(20:1(11Z)/18:0)	838.5596	12.6161	0112545	52925649	2.134	0.006	0.977	↓	—
4-Nitrophenol	138.02	3.6423	0001232	980	1.926	0.015	1.014	↓	↑
PC(18:1(11Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z))	852.5756	10.6464	0008081	53478741	1.665	0.019	1.019	↑	↓
PE(18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/22:1(13Z))	840.5778	10.9036	0009172	53479688	1.712	0.01	1.022	↑
GDP	442.0154	0.883	0001201	135398619	1.617	0.006	1.042	↑	—
Luteolin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside	655.1563	11.4852	0029258	131750830	1.708	0.046	1.067	↑	↓
Digoxigenin bisdigitoxoside	631.3473	10.9633	0060818	92999	1.397	0.045	1.155	↑	↓
Blasticidin S	459.1466	4.0897	0030452	170012	1.823	0.016	1.221	↑	—
Cefotaxime	490.0302	4.0897	0014636	5742673	1.656	0.043	1.715	↑	—
Deacetylnomilin	509.1563	3.6723	0035684	90472146	1.548	0.018	0.591	↓	—

Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer’s disease; Rt (min): retention time; VIP: variable importance; FC: fold change. Fold change was calculated as relative intensity obtained from group sham/group AD, and a value less than 1 indicates a decrease in the metabolites of group AD. The levels of potential biomarkers were labeled with “↓” (downregulated) and “↑” (upregulated) (). ^aChange trend compared with the sham group. ^bChange trend compared with the AD group.